1. Перекладіть речення, попередньо визначивши патронімічні слова:

8a) American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), national society of American scientists founded 1848 in Boston at meeting of geologists and naturalists; now includes all major fields of science; seeks to further work of scientists and improve effectiveness of science in promotion of human welfare; conducts seminars. 8b) Advances in chemistry during the latter half of the 19th century demanded that small-scale laboratories be extended to large-scale production, opening the way for the chemical engineer.

9a) A controversy revolves around basic, or pure, biology and how it relates to applied, or practical, biology. The former is represented by studies for which no immediate practical value is apparent. 9b) This distribution of funds has been criticized by some for creating an imbalance in inventive activity and for being directed toward practical applications rather than basic knowledge. 9c) In 1840 Friedrich Keller, a German, was the first to find a commercially practicable way to produce paper from wood through mechanical grinding. 9d) Improved gunsights, new spotting techniques, and range finders made long-range gunnery practicable. 9e) In 1846 these two innovations were combined in a machine built by Elias Howe of Massachusetts. This was the first really practicable sewing machine, but it could sew only straight seams of limited length.

10a) The central strand of development in these years, however, is cognitive. It is the development of toddlers' thought processes that interact with all the other developments to produce sensible children out of the toddlers many parents label. 10b) In 1948, two Americans conceived of a type of electrostatic printing in which the coloring agent is not ink but a powder that is sensitive to the pull of an electric charge induced on a plate.

11 a)Virtually all fax machines use a light-sensitive device to scan the original, one elemental area at a time, and represent the shade or tone of each area by a specified amount of electric current. The current is transmitted as a signal over telephone lines or via microwave relay to a receiver that reproduces an image of the elemental area by means of photographic, electricity-sensitive, or heat-sensitive paper, lib) For example, the atom of an intrinsic semiconductor such as elemental silicon has four electrons in its outermost shell. 11c) In the most modern description of strong interaction physics, the protons, neutrons, and mesons are not elementary constituents but are composites of objects known as quarks, lid) The study of the various elementary particles themselves is divided into baryon and meson spectroscopy, and elementary-particle spectrometers are used for such studies.

2. Визначте іншомовні слова та вирази у наступних реченнях та перекладіть їх:

1. This would be a purely ad hoc solution. 2. Pratt is also rather free with ad-hoc explanations. 3. There is no non-ad hoc way to account for this fact. 4. This would be entirely ad hoc. 5. To invoke contrasts like those in Fig.l is perhaps not ad-hoc, but revealing. 6. Now, in "the face of it, this was a totally ad hoc solution, and Prope knew it. 7. But any theorist positing such principles is open to the charge of ad-hocery. 8. I should explain that the category of "predependent" is not an ad-hoc device. 9. A topic like this requires a highly structured analysis, not ad-hoc and impressionistic observations. 10. But that is post hoc; it only weakens the case. 11. This conclusion is a non sequitur. 12. No a-priori commitment to the importance of the feature was made. 13. Once the object of observation is defined, a-priori concepts enter the investigation. 14. This monograph is also sprinkled with apercues that many scientists would find salutary. 15. The validity of these assumptions cannot be accepted a-priori. 16. A-priori, I would suspect that such evidence does not, an probably cannot, exist. 17. Ci Renfrew relies mainly on an argumentum ex silentio. 18. It is the "ceteris paribus" principle. 19. Cf. Clyne 1994 for other evidence. 20. Reference to it is found in "The Ethics", Book II, (in) passim. 21. Mutatis mutandis, this is also true of the other proposal. 22. Why not agree to submit the decision of the Conference re the proposed adjustment. 23. He provides no real reason why the process could not be continued ad infinitum. 24. We find evidence in other structures and in arguments ex silentio: the exclusion of unattested phenomena. 25. Contra Bing, we claim that, in principle, there is no upper bound on the number of elements. 26. Even if we accept this analysis in toto, no conclusion follows with respect to the concepts. 27. The list of topics encompassed by such an approach includes, inter alia, genre type and evidentiality. 28. The boundaries of what philosophers do qua philosophers are too fuzzy to permit us to establish such a claim. 29. A few years ago, I provided a description of just such a scientific rara avis in the pages of the journal. 30. Thus, my claim is that, ceteris paribus, an item whose standing is unclear is most likely to be an independent entity. 31. Among Humboldt's scripta minora, one of the most interesting texts is his "Lettres a M.Abel-Remusat", written in 1826 and published in 1827.32.1 establish this claim by first formulating .locality principle a la David Lewis. 33. The explanation concerns itself with scaling with implicational hierarchies and their ordering (a la Louis Guttman). 34. Under such conditions, there is no place for the concept of causality - the sine qua non of an empirical discipline. 35. A carefully treasured and often used quote from the French sociologist Edgar Morin maintains that "diversity is Europe's originality par excellence". 36. At first glance, this is not an important lacuna or failure; but it implies that the arguments presented here must be convincing in se — which they are not. 37. The effect of this approach is a kind of tour de force, but of a kind that is fairly uncongenial to me: much is asserted and little is demonstrated. 38. Rather than emit obiter dicta on such large issues as these, I shall turn to the consideration of a more modest methodological problem. 39. Aii ex post facto law is a retroactive law that has the effect of prejudicing the rights of a person in a criminal proceeding. 40. The stadium paradox, for example, argues that it is impossible to reach the far end of a stadium: before reaching it, a person must first reach the halfway point; before that, one must reach the point halfway to the halfway point; and so on, ad infinitum. 41. Knowledge attainable by reason alone, prior to experience, is called a priori knowledge; knowledge based upon experience is called a posteriori knowledge. 42. Some of the Morris-inspired fabrics and wallpapers of Walter Crane, Charles Voysey, and Arthur Macmurdo (1851-1942), designed in 1882, could easily be taken for Art Nouveau circa 1895. 43. A proof of the parallel postulate by reductio ad absurdura was attempted by Girolamo Saccheri (1667-1733) in his work Euclid Freed ofEvei-y Flaw. 44. At base, Hutton's principle (which is often called actualism) is rooted in the sine qua non of modern science, the belief in the unchanging natural law of an orderly universe. 45. Roman Catholics believe that the pope can make infallible definitions on faith or morals when he speaks ex cathedra-as head of the church- and when he has the clear intention of binding the whole church to accept as dogma whatever he is defining.