Вариант 5

(для студентов финансово-экономических вузов)

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы тек<?га. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснение к тексту

1. commodity exchange — товарообмен

MONEY UNDER SOCIALISM

1. Money is indispensable in a society in which commodity exchange¹ takes, place. In a commodity exchange money plays the role of a medium and measure of value, a commodity expressing the value of all other commodities. In this capacity money is a universal equivalent.

2. Money is known to perform its usual functions under socialist commodity production. All commodities are compared in value to the money commodity, so that it serves as a measure of their value.

3. Money performs its function as a means of payment: when wages and salaries are paid to factory and office .workers, when socialist enterprises get loans from the State Bank and then pay, them off, when money income is distributed among collective farmers, etc.

4. We know money also to be a means of accumulation. Plants, factories and state and collective farms keep their earning sand spare money at the State Bank.

The state uses these accumulations and savings to expand production, create reserves arid provide credits to various enterprises and organizations.

5. The state judges the efficiency of an enterprise by means of money. The money expenditures of an enterprise, show the amount of labour required to produce a particular kind of goods, the amount of raw materials and fuel, the cost of management and the cost of delivering goods to the consumer through the retail trade network.

Money control over the performance of socialist enterprises is an effective method of economic management.

II. Выпишите из 1-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее независимый причастный оборот, и переведите его письменно на русский язык.

III. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What is an effective method of economic management?

Вариант б

(для студентов вузов текстильной и легкой промышленности)

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. to felt — валять (шерсть)

2. cohesiveness — сцепление волокон

3. according to - согласно; по

4. ball — коробочка

5. fineness - тонкость

TEXTILE FIBRES

1. All the materials used in the manufacture of clothing are known to be called textiles. They are made of either long or short fibres. These fibres can be felted¹ together or made into a continuous thread or yam and then Woven or knitted. So from beginning to end in the production of felt, in the spinning of a very coarse thread or in the weaving of the finest silk cloth the whole process of textile manufacture consists of the combination pf fibre with fibre.

2. No material is more common in the world than fibres; it is the form of all vegetable and most animal substances. To be suitable for textile purposes a fibre must possess certain properties and qualities such as length, strength, cohesiveness², elasticity and many others.

3. There are many different fibres now use, principal among them being wool, silk, cotton, flax. These fibres have come to us from prehistoric times and are natural fibres. Today numerous chemical fibres are the achievements of the development of science of the 20th century. According to³ their origin the fibres may be divided into vegetable ones (cotton, flax), fibres of animal origin (wool, silk) and chemical or man-made fibres (rayon, capron, nylon, etc.).

4. Cotton is the most important vegetable fibre used in textile industry. The cotton fibre is a soft substance growing around the cotton seed. When the seeds are ripening, their fibres spring out of the burst ball⁴ and are picked manually or mechanically. The strength of cotton fibres is relatively high in spite of their fineness⁵and it further increases when wetted.

5. Cotton fibres are, however, not very elastic that is why cotton fabrics crease easily. Absorbing moisture well cotton fibres can be easily dyed. As cotton fibres are good conductors of heat, cotton textiles have a cooling effect when worn in hot weather.

II. Перепишите из 4-го абзаца предложение, содержащее Participle II в функции обстоятельства, и переведите его письменно на русский язык.

Ш. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

Why do cotton fibres crease easily?