In / into / out of / on / onto / off / inside / outside

1. There was an envelope lying …….. the floor.

2. Ken fell …….. the ladder when he was changing the light bulb.

3. Andrew normally goes to school …….. the bus.

4. When I was …….. my hotel room, I started to take my clothes …….. suitcase.

5. There’s bus stop right …….. our house.

6. Sally came …….. the house, got …….. her motorbike and rode away.

7. My car broke down this morning so I went to work …….. a taxi.

8. The cat jumped …….. the roof of the car and looked down at the dog.

9. Annie jumped …….. the diving board …….. swimming pool.

10. Robert came …….. the telephone box and got …….. his car.

16.22 Complete the sentences using the most suitable prepositions given below. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

through / across / up / down / in / round / between / along / to / opposite / in front of / next to / from / at / towards / behind / over / past

1. What’s that you’ve tied …….. your waist?

2. I was sitting …….. the driver in the back seat of the car.

3. A tall man was sitting …….. me at the cinema and I couldn’t see much of the film.

4. There is a shoe shop …….. the chemist’s and the library.

5. We walked …….. the stairs to the top floor, then we walked …….. to the bottom again.

6. What time did you arrive …….. work yesterday?

7. Who was the first person to swim …….. the Atlantic?

8. There was a woman sitting …….. the driver …….. the front passenger seat of the car.

9. We’re flying …….. Paris …….. Amsterdam tomorrow. We arrive …….. Amsterdam at 6.00.

10. I got …….. the cinema late and missed the beginning of the film.

11. There’s a post office right …….. my office. You can see it from my window.

12. The burglars got into the building by climbing …….. a window.

13. We were driving …….. the road looking for a petrol station for about half an hour.

14. We walked …….. the bridge to the other side of the river.

15. The dog jumped …….. the wall into someone’s garden.

16. When the bus came I put out my hand, but it just went …….. me without stopping.

17. We couldn’t see the man’s face because he was standing with his back …….. us.

16.23 Complete the sentences using on time / in time. Don’t forget that on time means “at exactly the right time”, in time means “early enough”.

1 The bus service is terrible; the buses are never …….. .

2 I hope my car will be repaired …….. for the weekend.

3 She’s very punctual. She always arrives ……..

4 She didn’t arrive …….. to say goodbye to him.

5 I didn’t arrive …….. to see her before she left.

6 I don’t think I’ll be home …….. to see the film on TV this evening.

7 I hope my leg gets better …….. for the football match on Sunday.

8 In my school, the classes always start …….. .

16.24 Complete the sentences using at the end / in the end. Don’t forget that at the end means “at the point where something stops”, in the end means “finally” or “after some time”.

1 We’re going on holiday …….. of this week.

2 …….. of this film I felt very sad.

3 We couldn’t decide what to do yesterday evening. …….. we decided to stay at home.

4 At first, I didn’t like him, but …….. we became good friends.

5 We were going to walk home but …….. we decided to take a taxi.

6 I hated school at first, but …….. I quite enjoyed it.

7 They’re going to Italy …….. of next week.

8 At first, he didn’t want to come with us on holiday, but he changed his mind.

9 I looked everywhere for my wallet and ……… I found it in my jacket.

10 She’s starting work …….. of May.

11 We were all exhausted …….. of the journey.

25. Complete the sentences using in / during / for / while.

1. We were in Rome …….. the summer.

2. It snowed …….. the night.

3. We were in Rome …….. the whole of the summer.

4. …….. lunch I explained my plans.

5. It snowed …….. four hours.

6. Someone broke into their flat …….. they were away on holiday.

7. Some people were talking in the cinema …….. the film.

8. We’ve been waiting …….. almost an hour.

9. Something woke me up …….. the night.

10. I was on holiday …….. two weeks …….. the spring.

11. I saw Sue …….. my visit to London.

12. They stopped work …….. half an hour …….. the afternoon.

13. We visited some interesting places …….. we were in London.

14. I’ll be in France …….. the whole of September.

25. Complete the sentences using for / since / ago / before.

1. Tina moved away from Newcastle five years …….. and she hasn’t been back there …….. then.

2. My grandparents visited Edinburgh …….. two weeks in 1995. They had been there five years …….., so it wasn’t completely new to them.

3. My brother has been interested in music …….. quite a long time. He was given his first guitar 20 years …….. .

4. John worked in a travel agency …….. six months in 2000. He already had some experience of the tourist industry because he had worked in a Tourist Information office in London two years …….. .

5. Patricia started working as a journalist with a newspaper in Madrid ten years …….. . She’s been working for the same newspaper ever …….. then.

16.27 Complete the sentences using by / on / in.

1 I’m not going to Rome …….. my motorbike. I’ve decide to go …….. train instead.

2 Annie usually goes to school …….. her bicycle, but sometimes she goes …….. bus.

3 The journey takes 10 minutes ….. bus and about 25 minutes …….. foot.

4 Robert didn’t come to work …….. his car yesterday morning. His car had broken down and he had to come …….. taxi.

5 Did you travel right across London …….. the Underground?

6 We’ve decided to travel to New York …….. sea rather than go …….. air.

16.28 Meet the Aye-Aye. Complete the text with the following prepositions: in (3) / of (8) / through / like / by / because of / from (2) / under / next to / for (2) / about / at (3) / on / during / into.

Nick: You’re fond …….. animals, aren’t you, Ben?

Ben: Yes, I’m particularly interested …….. rare animals. Look …….. this picture …….. the aye-aye.

Nick: It looks …….. something …….. outer space. What’s the purpose …….. such long thin fingers? They look …….. twigs.

Ben: Well, the aye-aye is a rainforest animal. It eats insects which live …….. the bark …….. trees. It’s got very good ears. It’s capable …….. hearing the slightest sound. It puts its eat …….. the bark …….. a tree and listens …….. signs …….. movement. Then it quickly bites a hole …….. the bark and puts its middle finger …….. the hole to pull out the insect. It also uses its middle finger …….. combing its hair.

Nick: What else do you know …….. aye-aye?

Ben: They live only …….. Madagascar. They sleep …….. the day and are active …….. night. They often hang upside-down …….. branches. And the strong claws …….. their feet are used as hooks.

Nick: I’m surprised …….. how much you know. Why are they called aye-aye?

Ben: …….. the strange noises they make. They cry “aye! aye!” …….. blowing …….. their noses. The island people are frightened …….. the noises they make.

29. The Amazon Rainforest. Write in the missing prepositions. Choose from along / for / in / of / on / through / to / until / within. If you think that two answers are possible, write both.

…Until… a hundred years ago, countries …on …the equator were covered with rainforests. More than half of all the types of plants and animals ……… earth lived there.

The largest rainforest is Amazonia …….. South America. It covers an area …….. about 6.5 million square kilometres. It takes its name from the River Amazon which flows …….. the northern part of Brazil. Thousands …….. different kinds of animals, birds and butterflies live there. But the rainforest has suffered …….. felling and burning. Now long dusty roads lead …….. the forest. What are the reasons …….. the destruction? Trees are burnt or cut down …….. their hardwood. The land is used …….. farms, mines and cattle ranches.

There has already been a lot of damage …….. the plants and animals of the rainforest. If the destruction is not stopped, ……... thirty years all the trees will be gone.

UNIT 17 MODALS

17.1 Ask someone if he or she can do these things:

swim / ski / play chess / drive / run ten kilometres / ride a horse

Model: Can you swim?

Can you do these things? Write sentences about yourself. Use I can or I can't.

Model: I can't swim.

17.2 Write five sentences about things you can do (say how well), and five sentences about things you can't do.

Model: I can sing very well. I can swim a little. I can't cook.

17.3 Complete these sentences. Use can or can't + one of these verbs: come / find / hear / see / speak

1. I'm sorry, but we … can't come … to your party next Saturday.

2. She got the job because she ………. five languages.

3. You are speaking very quietly. I ………. you.

4. Have you seen my bag? I ………. it.

5. I like this hotel room. You .......... the mountains from the window.

17.4 What do you say in these situations? Use Can you…? / Could you…? / Can I …?

1 (You are carrying a lot of things. You want me to open the door for you.)

You say to me: …..… Can you open the door (for me), please ...……….

2 (We are having dinner. You want me to pass the salt.)

You say to me: …………………………………………………………...… ?

3 (You want me to turn off the radio.) …………………………………….... ?

4 (You want to borrow my pen.) ……………………………………………...?

5 (You are in my house. You want to use my phone.) ……………………..?

6 (You want me to give you my address.) ………………………………….. ?

17.5 Write questions. Use: Can I …?

1 Can I make a phone call?… Yes, of course. The phone is in the hall.

2 ……………………………… I'm afraid not. The TV isn't working.

3 ……………………………… I'm sorry - we don't accept credit cards.

4 ……………………………… Yes, of course. Is £5 enough?

5 ……………………………… No, I'm sorry. The restaurant is closed.

6 ……………………………… Certainly. Do you want a single or a

double room?

17.6 Write questions. Use: Can you…?

You want someone to …

1 tell you his / her name ……Can you tell me your name? ……

2 give you his / her address ………………………..……………..

3 tell you the way to London ……………………….....…………..

4 carry your suitcase ………………………………...…………….

5 tell you the time ……………………………………....………….

6 give you your room key ……………………………....…………

17.7 Believe it or not. Use a dictionary if you need it.

Gorillas can't swim.

Mice can sing.

Horses can sleep standing up.

Elephants can't jump, and they can't remember things very well, but they can stand on their heads.

A male emperor moth can smell a female eleven kilometres away.

Leopold Stokowski could play the violin and the piano when he was 5.

Thomas Young (an 18^th-century scientist) could speak twelve languages when he was eight.

The Danish linguist Rasmus Rask could speak 235 languages.

The American tennis player Roscoe Tanner could serve a ball a t 225 kilometres an hour.

17.8 Read this and try to answer the last question. You can use the table to help you.

"My four granddaughters are all very clever girls," the bishop said. "Each of them can play a different musical instrument and each can speak a different European language as well as - if not better than - a native of the country." "What instrument can Mary play?" asked someone.

"The cello."

"Who can play the violin?"

"Do you know", said the bishop, "I've temporarily forgotten. But I know it's the girl who can speak French."

The rest of the facts which I found out were of rather negative kind. I learned that the organist is not Valerie; that the girl who can speak German is not Lorna; and that Mary can speak no Italian. Anthea cannot play the violin; and she is not the girl who can speak Spanish. Valerie knows no French; Lorna cannot play the harp; and the organist cannot speak Italian.

What can Valerie do?

	cello	violin	organ	harp		French	German	Italian	Spanish
Mary	yes	no	no	no	Mary
Valerie					Valerie
Lorna					Lorna
Anthea					Anthea

17.9 Complete the sentences. Use must + one of these verbs:

be / buy / go / help / hurry / go / learn / meet / phone / read / wash / win

1 We …must go … to the bank today. We haven't got any money.

2 I ………… . I haven't got much time.

3 She is a very interesting person. You ………… her.

4 I forgot to phone Dave last night. I ………… him today.

5 You ………… to drive. It's very useful.

6 This is an excellent book. You ………… it.

7 We ………… some food. We've got nothing for dinner.

8 My hair is dirty. I ………… it.

9 I ………… to the post office. I need some stamps.

10 I have a big problem. You ………… me.

11 The game tomorrow is very important for us. We ………… .

12 You can't always have things immediately. You ………… patient.

17.10 Put in must or had to.

1 I …had to … go to the bank yesterday to get some money.

2 The windows are very dirty. I ………… clean them.

3 The windows were very dirty yesterday. I ………… clean them.

4 I ………… get up early tomorrow. I've got a lot of to do.

5 Come on! We ………… hurry. We haven't got much time.

6 We arrived home very late last night. We …. wait half an hour for a taxi.

7 These cakes are very nice. You ………… have one.

8 Ann came to the party but she didn't stay very long. She .… leave early.

9 He didn't know how to use the machine. I ………… show him.

10 I was nearly late for my appointment this morning. I ………… run to get there on time.

17.11 Complete the sentences. Use mustn't or needn't + one of these verbs: be / buy / clean / hurry / lose / stick / take / tell / wait

1 The windows aren't dirty. You … needn't clean … them.

2 I must hurry. I … mustn't be … late.

3 This letter is very important. You ………… it.

4 We have lots of time. We ………… .

5 We ………… an umbrella. It's not going to rain.

6 This is a secret. You ………… anybody.

7 You ………… a newspaper. You can have mine.

8 I'm not ready yet but you …… for me. You go now and I'll come later.

9 (a parent speaking to a child) You ……. your tongue out at people. It's not polite.

17.12 Complete the sentences. Use must, mustn't or needn't.

1 He needs an injection before he goes on holiday. He … must … make an appointment with the doctor.

2 You can get your visa to Egypt in a day. You ………… get it yet, as your trip is late next month.

3 I need to go to London very early tomorrow. I ………… stay up late.

4 It isn't necessary for her to check in at the airport at 6.30.

5 Their bus to the airport leaves at exactly 6 a.m. They … …… be ready on time.

6 If you take over 20 kilos of luggage on the plane, they charge extra. You ………… go over the luggage allowance.

7 He has got an open ticket, so he can travel when he wants. He ………… decide right now.

8 You can carry smaller things on board the plane with you. You ………… check in your briefcase with your suitcases.

9 Listen! That was the last call for our flight. We ………… go to Gate 12 immediately.

17.13 Complete the sentences. Use have to or has to + one of these verbs: do / read / speak / travel / wear

1 My eyes are not very good. I …have to wear …glasses.

2 At the end of the course, all the students ………… a test.

3 Mary is standing literature. She ………… a lot of books.

4 He doesn't understand much English, so I ……… very slowly to him.

5 George is not often at home. He ………… a lot of his job.

17.14 Rules of the Game. Put in have to or mustn’t. Here is some advice on being a good show contestant.

1 First, you …have to… choose the quiz or game show that’s right for you.

2 If you are unfit, you …….. apply for a show with a lot of action.

3 You …….. apply many months before the show.

4 You …….. send a photograph and fill in some forms.

5 You …….. tell lies on the forms and you …….. send a photograph oа someone else!

6 In most game shows you …….. think quickly or you …….. run around the studio and do funny things.

7 If you don’t win you …….. cry or throw things at the presenter.

8 You …….. be a good loser.

9 You …….. behave as if you are better than the other contestants.

10 If you win a prize, you …….. look disappointed if you don’t like it.

11 You …….. be fair and accept rules and decisions.

17.15 Some of the sentences below have a grammatical mistake. Find the mistakes. Write correct sentences where necessary.

1 She cans play the piano well. …She can play the piano well. ..

2 Must I get there early? … (correct)..

3 We don't must miss the train.

4 He doesn't can start the car.

5 They don't have to work on Sundays.

6 Can we meet later this evening?

7 Must I confirm the booking from Australia to New Zealand?

8 We can't be exactly on time for the meeting.

9 Tom doesn’t want to be a singer but he may be one in the future.

10 Jake likes to play football and he must play very well.

11 Maria might not win because she doesn’t always concentrate.

17.16 Complete the sentences below using the verbs in the brackets correctly.

1 He …….. (have got) a guitar, but he …….. (not can) play.

2 She …….. (be) a very good athlete. She ….. (can) jump over 4 metres.

3 I …….. (not can) speak Arabic, but I …….. (can) read it.

4 …….. he ….. (have got) a computer? Yes, but he …….. (not can) use it.

5 …….. (can) they swim? No, but their father …….. (be) a good swimmer.

17.17 Complete the sentences below using can / can’t / should / shouldn’t.

1 He …….. be finished now. He’s been working on that paper all morning.

2 You …….. park here.

3 “When …….. you hand in your homework?” “Before Wednesday.”

4 If your tooth aches, you …….. go to a dentist now. Don’t wait until it gets worse.

5 …….. you lend me £100?

6 Sorry, I …….. give you any money at the moment.

7 You …….. get foreign currency at the bank.

8 You …….. swim in the river. It’s very dangerous.

9 …….. I tell him that he’s failed now, or wait until the end of the week?

10 That car is very fast. It …….. travel at 200 kph.

17.18 Complete the dialogue with can / can’t / should / shouldn’t.

Jane: You …….. start training for the race.

Ben: Already? It’s not for three months. I …….. wait until later. I …….. be doing other things now.

Jane: What, for example? You …….. get enough practice for these races.

Ben: I …….. find time now. I’m very busy.

Jane: You …….. find time.

Ben: Why? There are a lot of things I …….. be doing, and I don’t do them. At the moment I’m very busy and I …….. do everything I …….. be doing.

Jane: …….. I help you?

Ben: …….. you?

Jane: Of course. Then you …….. do some training.

17.19 Choose the correct modal verb.

1 All children may / must go to school.

2 Cigarettes can / must seriously damage your health.

3 Dishwashers will / should not wash everything.

4 You will / must not park here.

5 There ought / would be trouble if he lost all that money.

6 You could / should always look both ways before crossing a road.

7 As a doctor, he might / can know about this virus.

8 That can / should not be Tom. It’s too early.

9 They must / can be at home by now. It’s very late.

10 I’m not sure. We may / must go to Egypt this summer.

11 I have / must to phone my mother.

12 I might / must phone my mother.

13 What have to / should I eat, doctor?

14 Am I allowed / can to park here? – No, you aren’t!

15 Can I park here? – No, you are not allowed / can’t!

16 I can’t / needn’t see the doctor. I feel better.

17.20 Put in the right forms of the words in brackets.

The Queen’s Flight

“What time …….. (have to) check in?” Mrs Yamamoto asked at the British Airways desk. “You …….. (have to) check in before 1.15. The plane is full, so you …….. (mustn’t / be) late.” Mrs Yamamoto checked in at the right time, but the flight was delayed. “What …….. (should / take) another flight,” they said. All the passengers took this advice, except Mrs Yamamoto. The flight from Tokyo to London was 20 hours late, but Mrs Yamamoto waited. In the end, she was the only passenger on the 353-seat Jumbo. There were 15 cabin staff and she was treated like a queen!

17.21 Use suitable forms to ask permission and to express the future.

Clockwork Soldiers

I’m entertaining some foreign friends in London at the moment “What would you like to do today?” I asked them this morning. “…….. (we / see) the Tower of London and …….. (we / go) to Buckingham Palace?” “Of course,” I said. “Which do you want to do first?” “ ……… (we / visit) Buckingham Palace first?” So we went to the Palace and …….. (we / go) to the Tower of London this afternoon. After the visit to Buckingham Palace, my friends’ six-year-old daughter asked, “Are those soldiers real?” “Oh, no,” I answered. “They’re clockwork.”

17.22 Put in don’t have to / have to / mustn’t / wanted / would like.

Belt Up

In a few countries you …….. use a safety belt, but in most countries you …….. travel in a car without one. You …….. fasten your belt as soon as you sit down. Nine-year-old Georgina Marton …….. her little brother to remember to fasten his belt. She drew a picture of a teddy bear and put it on the back seat. Georgina …….. other children to fasten their safety belts. She has sent her picture to a magazine and it has made her famous. Now it is used in many cars in Britain!

17.23 Put in could / can’t / must / may not / might.

A Purse Full of Pounds

Jack is on his way to the sports centre to meet some friends. He’s feeling miserable because he hasn’t got any money. It’s his girlfriend’s birthday next week. He …….. be able to buy her a present and she …….. be very disappointed. She …….. even refuse to go out with him! He …….. ask a friend to lend him a few pounds, but he already owes money to all his friends.

When he arrives at the sports centre, he sees something pink near the entrance. It’s a purse and it’s full of money. Fifty pounds! Who …….. it belong to?

“A pink purse …….. belong to a boy. It …….. belong to a girl at the centre,” Jack thinks.

Jack doesn’t know what to do. He …….. pay his debts with the money and he …….. buy Debbie a present. There’s no one in the street, but someone …….. be watching him.

17.24 Making deductions. Complete the sentences with must or can’t.

1 It’s an expensive leather purse. It isn’t scratched. It …must….be quite new.

2 It still smells of leather, so it …….. be very old.

3 Jack thinks, “The owner …….. get a lot of pocket money.”

4 Why does Jack think that the purse …….. belong to a girl?

5 Why …….. it belong to a boy?

6 The owner …….. be very careless to lose so much money.

7 The owner …….. know that she has lost the purse outside. No one is looking for it.

8 It …….. be a shock to lose so much money.

9 It …….. be wonderful to find so much money!