Forms of tourist travel Active Vocabulary

generic term - загальний термін

encompass - включати (містити)

contribute - сприяти

according to - згідно

fivefold - п'ятиступенева

distinction - різниця

ethnic - етнічний

reflect - відображати

acquisition- досягнення

combine- об'єднувати

degrees of novelty- ступені новизни

mix - змішувати

typify - типовий приклад

itinerary - маршрут

familiarity - поінформованість (обізнаність)

avoid - уникати

as much as possible - наскільки це можливо

in spite of - незважаючи на

immerse in - поглинання у

behaviour – поведінка

Read and translate the text:

Tourism is a generic term which encompasses many different types of travel. The forms of tourism contribute to the nature of the experiences gained by tourists and influence the effects which they have on the host society and their environment. Classifications of tourism have been proposed by Cohen, Wahab and Smith. Wahab listed several different forms of tourism according to a wide range of variables. These included: 1. Sex - masculine and feminine types of tourism.

2. Means of transport - tourism by land, sea or air.

3. Geographic locality - international and domestic tourism.

4. Price and social class - de luxe and middle-class tourism.

5. Age - youth and adult tourism.

Classifications based on purpose of trip have been established by Wahab and by Smith. Wahab produced a fivefold classification which included recreational tourism, cultural tourism, health tourism, sport tourism and conference tourism, although distinction between the categories are not always clear. Smith's variation included Wahab's first two categories plus historical tourism, ethnic tourism and environmental tourism.

Cultural tourism, for example, informs tourists about other countries and peoples, their lifestyles, customs and languages.

Historical tourism encompasses visits to ancient monuments, archaeological digs, and other places of historical interest such as museums and battlefields. Tourists may choose a destination for more than one reason and their behaviour may not entirely reflect their initial travel motivations. Cultural tourism includes the acquisition of knowledge about peoples of contemporary societies observed through art and crafts, work, religion, language, traditions, food and dress.

Cohen developed a fourfold classification of tourist experiences and roles as follows:

1. The organized mass tourist. The role is typified by the package tour in which itineraries are fixed, stops are planned and guided, and all major decisions are left to the organizer. Familiarity is at a Maximum and novelty at a minimum.

2. The individual mass tourist. In this role the tour is not entirely planned by others, and the tourist has some control over his itinerary and time allocations. However, all of the major arrangements are made through a travel intermediary. Like the organized mass tourist, the individual mass tourist remains largely within the «environmental bubble» of home country ways and mixes little with members of the host community. Familiarity is still dominant.

3. The explorer. Explorers usually plan their own trips and try to avoid developed tourist attractions as much as possible. In spite of the desire to mix with members of the host community, the protection of the «environmental bubble» is still sought. Novelty now dominates but the tourist does not become fully integrated with the host society.

4. The drifter. Drifters plan their trips alone, avoid tourist attractions and live with members of the host society. They are almost entirely immersed in the host culture, sharing its shelter, food and habits. Novelty is dominant and familiarity disappears. Each of the four tourist roles represents one stereotypical form of tourist behaviour.

Ex.l. Give English equivalents to the following words and word- combinations:

загальний термін; згідно; чоловічий та жіночий туризм; туризм для дорослих; мета мандрівки; п'ятиступенева класифікація; старовинні пам'ятники; відображати; сучасне суспільство; базуватися на; ступінь новизни; змішувати; типовий приклад; маршрут; дослідник.

Ex.2. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations:

encompass, forms of tourism, host country, a wide range of variables, middle-class tourism, recreational tourism, distinction between the categories, for example, archaeological digs, to choose a destination, initial travel motivations, acquisition of knowledge, contemporary societies, based on, degrees of novelty, accustomed habits, itinerary, in spite of, avoid tourist attractions, share the shelter, tourist behaviour.

Ex.3. Match the words with their definitions:

1. generic a. the practice of traveling for recreatio

n2. tourism b. modern, up to date

3. encompass c. the supposition that smth. is true; a fact or statement taken for granted

4. contemporary d. general, relating to or characteristic of a whole group or class

5. assumption e. enclose, include

6. novelty f. the route of a journey or the proposed outline of one

7. itinerary g. something new or unusual

Ex.4. Give Past Indefinite of the following verbs:

Encompass, contribute, propose, establish, inform, choose, reflect, suggest, combine, mix, typify, fix, leave, plan, make, avoid, seek, dominate, become, disappear, represent

Ex.5. Make these sentences interrogative, negative and interrogative-negative:

1. Tourism is a generic term which encompasses many different types of travel.

2. Wahab produced a fivefold classification.

3. Cultural tourism includes the acquisition of knowledge about peoples of contemporary societies.

4. Tourist experiences combine varying degrees of novelty.

5. Explorers usually plan their own trips.

Ex. 7. Give answers to these questions:

1. What is tourism?

2. What do the forms of tourism contribute to?

3. Whom have been classifications of tourism proposed by?

4. What do the forms of tourism include?

5. Wahab produced a fivefold classification, didn't he?

6. Are there any differences between categories?

7. Can you tell some words about the acquisition of knowledge which cultural tourism includes?

8. What was Cohen's classification of tourists?

9. He developed a fourfold classification of tourist experiences and roles, didn't he?

Read and retell the text.