Institutional Acts

Effevtives

bequeathe, bid, exempting, resign, veto,

Verdictives

find, rule, certify, appraise, assess, grade, rank, estimate

5.J. D. McCawley

Verdictives

accuse, acquit, analyze, appraise, ascribe, calculate, call, characterize, charge (a person with a crime), convict, credit, date, denounce, describe, diagnose, estimate, evaluate, find, grade, guess, hold, interpret as, locate, make it, measure, place, put (it) as, rank, rate, read (it) as, reckon, rule, take it, understand, value

Operatives

abdicate, accept (an application), adjourn, annul, appoint, authorize, award, baptize, bequeth, call to order, cancell, charge (a person with a task), choose, christen, claim, concede, condemn (to death), countermand, declare (open, closed, the winner), decree, dedicate, degrade, demote, deputize, dismiss, disown, dub, enact, enter (a plea of insanity), excommunicate, exonerate, fine, forgive, give, grant, levy, name, nominate, offer, ordain, overrule (an objection), pardon, permit, proclaim, pronounce (husband and wife), quash, reinstate, release, repeal, reprieve, rescind, sentence, sustain (an objection), veto, vote.

Exercitives

1. imperatives: admonisg, beg, caution, command, demand, direct, entreat, forbid, implore, insist, order, plead, pray, request, supplicate;

2. advisories: advise, advocate, counsel, propose, recommend, suggest, urge, warn.

Commissives

adopt, agree to, accept, apply for, assure, bet, bind myself, challenge, condemn (comeone’s actions), consent, contemplate, contract, covenant, dare, it’s a deal, defy, declare for, declare my intention, dedicate myself to, embrace, engage, envisage, espouse, express my intention/support/opposition, favour, give my word, guarantee, intend, invite, mean, oppose, order (food..), plan, plead (guilty), pledge myself, promise, propose to, purpose, shall, side with, surrender, swear, undertake, vow, warn

Behabitives

apologize, applaud, approve, bid farewell, blame, bless, commend, commisarete, complain of, compliment, condole, condratulate, curse, don’t mind, drink to, express my regrets/gratitude/ admiration/…, felicitate, forgive, greet, overlook, protest, salute, sympathize, thank, toast, welcome, wish (a happy birthday…)

Expositives

1. admit, affirm, announce, characterize, claim, class, declare, deny, describe, disagree, guess, identify, insist, maintain, predict, state, submit, suggest;

2. interpose, mention, note, observe, remark;

3. answer, appraise, inform, rejoin, remind, repeat, reply, respond, tell, warn;

3a. Ask, inquire, query, wonder;

4. admit, confess, conjecture, report, swear, testify;

5. accept, agree that, concede, demur to, object to, protest, recognize, retract, repudiate, take back, withdraw;

5a. Correct, revise;

6. argue, assume, conclude that, deduce, emphasize, neglect, postulate, stipulate;

7. begin by, conclude by, digress, first (second, third,…), in conclusion, turn to;

7a. analyze, define, distinguish, interpret;

7b. explain, formulate, illustrate;

7c. call, refer, regard as, understand.

Appendix 2

Examples from Fiction