
- •Передмова
- •Speech Act Functions and Subfunctions Classification of Illocutionary Acts
- •Felicity Conditions
- •Preparatory conditions
- •Sincerity conditions
- •Essential condition
- •Propositional content conditions
- •Explicit and Nonexplicit Illocutionary Acts.
- •The Performative Hypothesis
- •I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.
- •Direct and Indirect Illocutionary Acts
- •Expressed and Implied Locutionary Acts
- •Literal and Nonliteral Locutionary Acts
- •Speech Events
- •Examples of Speech Events Request
- •Compliment
- •Complaint
- •Oral, Written, and Oral-Written Speech Acts
- •Speech Acts and Events Across Cultures: Universality and Ethnospecificity
- •Directives
- •Classification of refusals
- •Representatives
- •Declaratives
- •For each of the following utterances, state (1) the syntactic form, (2) the illocutionary act (I.E. Representative, commissive, etc.) it performs.
- •Assume that each of the following utterances constitutes a nonfelicitous (I.E. Invalid) act of apologizing. Which type of felicity condition is violated by each one?
- •Which of the performative verbs is used in its performative sense in the following utterances.
- •Directives
- •Do you agree with the following strength continuum? Why? Why not? Ask English-speaking instructors or students to rank these sentences.
- •Commissives
- •Speech Events
- •Discourse Completion Practice
- •Supply an appropriate response to each of the following:
- •Supply an appropriate response to each of the requests taking into consideration the refuser’s status.
- •Supply an appropriate response to each of the offers taking into consideration the refuser’s status.
- •Supply an appropriate response to each of the suggestions taking into consideration the refuser’s status.
- •Supply an appropriate response to each of the invitations taking into consideration the refuser’s status.
- •Miscellaneous
- •Ask English-speaking instructors or students to make up a list and rank the expressions for politeness for
- •Analyze directives and negative commissives in the following extracts.
- •(O.Wilde, Dorian Gray: 166)
- •(O.Wilde, Dorian Gray: 34)
- •Speech Acts in Written Communication
- •Analyse the structure of the following letters. What devices are used to make them polite?
- •Institutional Acts
- •Bernard Shaw (ShWh)1
- •Ib 100 422 Widowers’ Houses. Mrs Warren’s Profession (99). – Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1950.
- •Bernard Shaw (ShL)
- •Augustus does his bit
- •B. Shaw “Man and Superman”2 London: Penguin Books 1957 (ShMs)
- •William Archer. Three Plays. (watp)3
- •New York: Henry Holt and Company.
- •Ford, The Good Soldier (Ford,gs)4
- •S f Tender is the Night (sftn)5
- •Gadfly, 29
- •Well, good luck to you. (smt, 57)
- •W. S. Maugham. Painted Veil (mpv)8
- •W. S. Maugham. Cakes and Ale (mca)9
- •W.S. Maugham . Rain and Other Stories (mros)10
- •A Fearless Champion11
- •I guess
- •M. Laurence The Stone Angel (lsa)
- •I wish – 80, 119, 145, 254
- •Good-bye- 92, 256
- •Foster a Room with a View (farwav)13
- •May I ask you what you intend to gain by this exhibition ? farwav 178
- •Farwav , 196
- •Emma and I
- •Galsworthy I, II, III
- •338 I wish - ?
- •“But why not tell them ? They can’t really stop us, Fleur ?”
- •Percieve – 182
- •Dorian, 34
- •Dorian, 167
- •I beg your pardon… Dorian, 48
- •Dorian, 166
- •I believe – 23, 31, 42, 53, 55, 65,107, 119, 145, 150!, 173, 177
- •Hemingway. Farewell 15
- •I hope - 111, 126, 135, 141, 164, 187, 231, 259
- •Primary
- •Secondary (in English)
- •Atiyah p.S.A. Promises & the law of contract. Mind, 1979, 88: 410-418.
- •Ayres Elenn. I daresay! Language lh 1974, 5/3, 454-456.
- •Bates Elizabeth Language & context. Academic Press New-York, 1976. Series: Language, Thought & Culture. Advances in the study of cognition.
- •Bierwiseh Manfred. Semantic strcture and illocutinary force.
- •Boer Steven e, Lycan William g. A performadox in truth-conditional semantics. Lingvistics and Philosophy. N 4/1 41-100
- •Downes William The imperative and pragmatics. Journal of linguistics, 1977, 11/3 77 – 97.
- •Ginet Carl Performativity Linguistic & philosophy 1979, 3/2 245-265
- •(In Russian and Ukrainian)
- •Навчальне видання
- •2 B. Shaw “Man and Superman” London: Penguin Books 1957
- •10 W.S. Maugham . Rain and Other Stories
- •13 Foster a Room with a View
Analyse the structure of the following letters. What devices are used to make them polite?
Elements of Analysis |
A Letter |
Attention-getter |
For the attention of the Sales Manager |
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Salutation |
Dear Sir or Madame, |
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Acknowledge inquiry |
Thank you for your inquiry of November 5. |
Inform about price - lists/ catalogues |
We have enclosed our winter catalogue and price-list. |
Draw attention to goods |
Though we will see we offer a wide selection of watches, may we draw your attention to pp.30-35 which we think might suit the market you are dealing with? |
Mention reputation/ guarantees |
As you are probably aware, all our products are fully guaranteed and backed by our world-wide reputation. |
Encourage further contact |
If there is any further information you require, please contact us. |
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Complimentary close |
Meanwhile, we look forward to hearing from you soon. |
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Yours sincerely, |
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xxx |
Analyze the following letters. Determine which speech acts dominate in them (request, apology, inquiry, etc). Determine their main elements.
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1. |
A Letter of …………. |
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I am replying to your letter of 2 May asking us to clear our April balance. |
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I apologize for not setting the account sooner, but due to unfortunate accident with our accountant, we were unable to settle our outstanding balances. |
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Please find enclosed our cheque and accept our apologies for any inconvenience, |
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Yours sincerely, |
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xxx |
2. |
A Letter of ………….. |
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Dear Sir or Madame, |
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I would like some information about about your TOEFL courses held in summer. |
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Please send me a prospectus, details of your fees accommodation. Thank you. |
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Yours sincerely, |
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xxx |
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3. |
A Letter of ………… |
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Dear Mr… |
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Thank you for your letter. Unfortunately, we do not feel we can offer discounts which you have asked for. Therefore, I regret that we have to turn down your order. |
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Yours sincerely, |
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xxx |
4.You have been on an exchange program and lived with a host family. Write a thank-you note.
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Appendix 1 |
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Major Taxonomies of Illocutionary Acts and Speech Act Verbs |
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1. |
1.J.Austin |
Verdictives |
Acquit, hold, read as, reckon, place, put it at, grade, assess, characterize, convict, interpret as, rule, estimate, date, make it, rank, value, diagnose, find, understand, calculate, locate, measure, take it, rate, describe, analyse |
Exercitives |
Appoint, dismiss, order, sentence, levy, choose, bequeath, warn, degrade, excommunicate, command, fine, vote for, claim, pardon, advise, demote, name, direct, grant, nominate, give, resign, plead, pray, urge, proclaim, countermand, enact, dedicate, entreat, press, announce, annul, reprieve, declare closed, beg, recommend, quash, repeal, veto, declare open |
Commissives |
Undertake, am determined to, mean to, propose to, envisage, guarantee, vow, dedicate myself to, adopt, espouse, convenant, bind myself, intend, plan, shall, engage, pledge myself, agree, declare for, champion, oppose, contract, give my word, declare my intention, purpose, contemplate, swear, bet, consent, side with, embrace, favour |
Behabitives |
apologize, thank, deplore, commiserate, compliment, condole, congratulate, felicitate, sympathize, resent, don’t mind, pay tribute, criticize, grumble about, complain of, applaud, overlook, commend, deprecate, blame, approve, favour, welcome, bid you farewell, bless, curse, toast, drink to, wish, dare, defy, protest, challege |
Expositives |
1. Affirm, deny, state, describe, class, identify; |
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2. remark, mention, interpose; |
3. inform, apprise, tell, answer, rejoin, |
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3a. ask |
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4. testify, report, swer, conjecture, doubt, believe |
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5. accept, concede, withdraw, agree, demur to, object to, adhere to, recognize, repudiate |
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5a. correct, revise, |
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6. postulate, deduce, argue, neglect, emphasize |
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7. begin by, turn to, conclude by |
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7a. interpret, distinguish, analyse, define |
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7b. illustrate, explain, formulate |
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7c. mean, refer, call, understand, regard as |
2.Searle & Vanderveken |
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Assertives (70) |
assert, reassert, negate, deny, correct, claim, affirm, state, disclaim, declare, tell, suggest, guess, hypothesize, conjecture, postulate, predict, forecast, foretell, prophesy, vaticinate, report, retrodict, warn, forewarn, advise, alert, alarm, remind, describe, inform, reveal, divulge, divulgate, notify, insinuate, sustain, insist, maintain, assure, aver, avouch, certify, attest, swear, testify, agree, disagree, asent, dissent, acquisce, object, recognize, acknowlwdge, admit, confess, concede, recant, criticize, blame, accuse, calumniate, reprimand, castigate, denounce, boast, complain, lament |
Commissives (32) |
commit, pledge, undertake, engage, promise, hypothecate, guarantee, threaten, vow, avow, swear, assure, certify, accept, agree, consent, acquiesce, abide, reject, refuse, renounce, offer, counter-offer, bid, rebid, tender, dedicate, wager, contract, covenant, subscribe |
Directives (56) |
direct, request, ask, question, inquire, interrogate, urge, encourage, discourage, solicit, appeal, petition, invite, convene, convoke, beg, supplicate, beseech, implore, entreat, conjure, pray, insist, tell, instruct, demand, require, claim, order, command, dictate, prescribe, enjoin, adjure, exorcise, forbid, prohibit, interdict, proscrice, commission, charge, suggest, propose, warn, advise, caution, alert, alarm, recommend, permit, allow, authorize, consent, invoke, imprecate, intercede. |
Declaratives (85) |
declare, renounce, disclaim, disown, resign, repudiate, disavow, retract, abdicate, abjure, deny, disinherit, yield, surrender, capitulate, approve, confirm, sanction, ratify, homologate, bless, curse, dedicate, consecrate, disapprove, stipulate, name, call, define, abbreviate, nominate, authorize, license, install, appoint, establish, institute, inaugurate, convene, convoke, open, close, suspend, adjourn, terminate, dissolve, denounce, vote, veto, enact, legislate, promulgate, decree, confer, grant, bestow, accord, cede, rule, adjudge, adjudicate, condemn, sentence, damn, clear, acqui, disculpate, exonerate, pardon, forgive, absolve, cancell, annul, abolish, abrogate, revoke, repeal, rescind, retract, sustain, bequeath, baptize, excommunicate. |
Expressives (28) |
approve, compliment, praise, laud, extol, plaudit, appaud, acclaim, brag, boast, complain, disapprove, blame, reprove, deplore, protest, grieve, mourn, lament, rejoice, cheer, boo, condole, congratulate, thank, apologize, greet, welcome. |
3.R. Ohmann |
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Expositives |
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Attesters |
conjecture, state, submit, postulate, testify, predict, regret, insist, swear. Etc. |
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Sequences |
conclude, rejoin, infer, answer, respond, deduce, add, etc. |
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Positioners |
endorse, deny, affirm, subscribe to, withdraw, demur to, object to, agree to, repudiate, etc. |
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Emphatics |
tell, inform, assure, put it to, etc. |
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queries |
ask, inquire, demand to know, etc |
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Status Fixers |
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Verdictives |
Call, diagnose, judge, value, assess, define, identify, estimate, reckon, analyze, etc. |
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Operatives |
christen, declare, appoint, name, designate, pronounce, etc. |
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Future Directives |
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Influencers |
urge, beg, demand, counsel, order, challenge, warn, dare, permit, request, bid, authorize, implore, etc. |
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Commissives |
promise, guarantee, vow, offer, agree, resolve, contract, refuse, etc. |
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Exhortations |
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Wishes |
wish, pray, |
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Conditionals |
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Responsibility Establishes |
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Ascribers |
blame, forgive, thank, censure, accuse, criticize, applaud, credit, protest, etc. |
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Implicators |
Apologize,admit, boast, take credit, deny, justify, etc. |
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Executors |
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Assigners |
give, confer, transfer, present, offer, assign, bequeath, etc. |
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Receivers |
accept, claim, refuse, relinquish, reject, resign, choose, etc. |
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Ceremonials |
welcome, greet, present, bid farewell, dismiss, call, summon, salute, bless, exclude, vote for, etc. |
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Aligners |
dissociate, oppose, concur in, veto, join, bind, affiliate, etc. |
4.Bach K. & Harnish R. |
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Institutional Acts |
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Non-Institutional Acts |
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Communicative Illocutionary Acts |
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1. Constatives |
Assertives |
affirm, allege, assert, aver, avow, claim, declare, deny (assert … not), indicate, maintain, propound, say, state, submit |
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Predictives |
forecast, predict, prophesy |
Retrodictives |
recount, report |
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Descriptives |
appraise, assess, call, categorize, characterize, classify, date, describe, diagnose, evaluate, grade, identify, portray, rank |
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Ascriptives |
ascribe, attribute, predicate |
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Informatives |
advise, announce, apprise, disclose, inform, insist, notify, point out, report, reveal, tell, testify |
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Confirmatives |
appraise, assess, bear witness, certify, conclude, confirm, corroborate, diagnose, find, judge, substantiate, testify, validate, verify, vouch for; |
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Concessives |
acknowledge, admit, agree, allow, assent, concede, concur, confess, grant, own; |
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Retractives |
abjure, correct, deny, disavow, disclaim, disown, recant, renounce, repudiate, retract, take back, withdraw; |
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Assentives |
accept, agree, assent, concur; |
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Dissentives |
differ, disagree, dissent, reject; |
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Disputatives |
demur, dispute, object, protest, question |
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Responsives |
answer, reply, respond, retort |
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Suggestives |
conjecture, guess, hypothesize, speculate, suggest; |
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Suppositives |
assume, hypothesize, postulate, stipulate, suppose, theorize |
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2. Directives |
Requestives |
ask, beg, bessech, implore, insist, invite, petition, plead, pray, request, solicit, summon, supplicate, tell, urge; |
Questions |
ask, inquire, interrogate, query, question, quiz; |
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Requirements |
bid, charge, command, demand, dictate, direct, enjoin, instruct, order, prescribe, require; |
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Prohibitives |
enjoin, forbid, prohibit, proscribe, restrict; |
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Permissives |
agree to, allow, authorize, bless, consent to, dismiss, excuse, extempt, forgive, grant, licensr, pardon, release, sanction; |
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Advisories |
admonish, advise, caution, counsell, propose, recommend, suggest, urge, warn; |
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3. Commissives |
Promises |
promise, swear, vow |
contract |
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bet |
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swear that |
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guarantee that |
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guarantee x |
surrender |
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invite |
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offers |
offer, propose; |
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volunteer |
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bid |
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4. Acknowledg- ments |
apologize |
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condole |
condole, commiserate; |
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congratulate |
compliment, congratulate, felicitate; |
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greet |
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thank |
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bid |
bid, wish; |
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accept |
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reject |
refuse, reject, spurn |