Vocabulary

be accessible to — быть доступным

be bordered by — граничить

be situated — находиться, располагаться

be washed — омываться

desert — пустыня

determine — определять

division — деление на части, разделение

flow into — впадать в

in honour of — в честь кого-либо

lowland — низменность

mountain range — горная цепь, область

plain — равнина

plateau — плато, плоскогорье

rocky — скалистый, каменистый

surface — поверхность

valley — долина

vast — обширный, громадный

vessel — судно, корабль

via — через

Text 2 population

As to population, it is the fourth largest country in the world. Nearly 239 million people live there. Most of them are townspeople. Although the total population of the United States is large by world standards, its overall population density is relatively low.

The United States contains a highly diverse population. Probably no other country has a wider range of racial, ethnic, and cultural types than does the United States. But, it is not due to the indigenous peoples — the native population is only about 1 million American Indians of different tribes, and 40,000 Aleuts and Eskimoes in Alaska — or the descendants of Africans taken as slaves to America. Its diversity has to a great degree come from the great global immigration when tens of millions of immigrants have gone to America hoping for greater social, political, and economic opportunities than they had in the places they left.

As a result of the prolonged immigration, now there are more than 25 million British Americans (nearly half the population of Britain), about 23 million African Americans, 25 million German Americans and more Irish Americans than the whole population of Ireland, many people from the Middle East and the Far East.

The official language of the United States is English.

Vocabulary

aleut — алеут

diverse — разнообразный, разный

Eskimo — эскимос

indigenous — местный, туземный

prolonged — длительный, затянувшийся

Written Exercises to the Texts

1. find in the texts the English equivalents of the following sentences.

1. Соединенные Штаты Америки расположены в центральной части североамериканского континента. 2. На севере США граничит с Канадой. 3. Это четвертая крупнейшая страна в мире по количеству населения. 4. Местное население составляет всего около 1 млн. индейцев различных племен. 5. Официальным языком Соединенных Штатов Америки является английский язык.

Text 3 prairies

To the west of the eastern forests the climate becomes drier, and forests give way to grass. The steppes of North America are called prairies. They are covered with high thick grass. Nearer to the Rocky Mountains the grass is shorter.

Before the coming of the Europeans the bisons used to go over the grasslands, and they were hunted only by the Indians. Early Europeans began the thoughtless destruction of the animals because of their skin. Now only a few are left in parks and Zoos.

To the Europeans going westward out of the eastern forests, the grasslands put a question — why were there no trees? Indeed, except along the banks of rivers, there are no trees — until they are planted by farmers. The answer at first seemed simple: there just was not enough rain or it did not fall at the right times of the year to allow trees to grow. It is true that in the western grasslands the rainfall is too little for the growth of most trees. But this is not the whole story. Clearly something else did not allow trees to grow, and that something was grass..

The explanation lies in the characteristics of grass plants themselves. Their roots grow at a very great speed. One grass plant gives hundreds of miles of roots in only a few months. Those roots will prevent any tree from growing in the same place. Besides, the grasses take the water and no water is left for the tree.

An important factor was the bisons, which broke many young trees. One of the reasons was fire. Fires began during the storms or were started by careless people. Though the parts of the grass which are over the ground are burned, their roots are not in danger, when the rains come the following spring, they begin to grow again. On the other hand, fire is very dangerous to the trees.

The Rocky Mountains influence the grassland in still another way: they are a high barrier to wet winds blowing inland from the Pacific Ocean. Close to the mountains the grasses are short, but in the open prairie it grows — or once did — higher than the head of a man.

Today the prairies are almost completely destroyed. As the economy developed, more and more natural grassland was used for farming.