unabridged dictionary, general dictionary, word-frequency dictionary; dialectal dictionary.

4. Look up the answers to the following questions.

1) Which is the more usual spelling night or nite?

2) What is the pronunciation for Niké, escort and dénouement?

3) What is the origin of the words discourse, mesmerize?

4) Write the comparative and superlative forms of forlorn and good-looking.

5) Write the plural of corpus, addendum, appendix and bonanza.

6) Write the past and past participle forms of the verbs sow, saw, hew, gild, strew, cleave, thrive, thrust, dare, prove, heave, reave, spin, slay, slide, glide?

7) Try to guess the meanings of the words: spouse, sibling, community, foster home, layaway?

8) Distinguish between the meanings of the lexical unit capital. Are they homonyms or lexico-semantic variants?

9) Find synonyms for the word extravagant.

10) What restrictive label, if any, is given the word stoned when used to mean ‘under the influence of drugs or alcohol’?

11) What restrictive label is given the word layaway?

12) What kind of restrictive labels are given the word boot?

13) What was Mark Twain’s real name?

14) What is the meaning of abbreviation HAND?

15) What is the meaning of the Latin phrase Unguibus et rostro?

16) Are the followining nouns countable of uncounable: liaison, tedium, splurge?

17) Under which word are the idioms easy money, spending spree listed? Write out the translations.

18) What is the difference in pronunciation of nouns estimate, delegate, predicate and verbs estimate, delegate, predicate?

19) Are the lingual units dead end, coach potato, black market, great dozen registed as free word combinations or compound words?

20) How did the word combination the dismal science acquire its meaning “economics”?

21) Are the words gorge and gorgeous cognate ones?

5. Give the full form of the following labels:

sl, BrE, infml, euph, tdmk, old-fash, fml, humor, tech, AmE, derog, dial, AustrE, ScotE, apprec, pomp, fig, joc, rhet, approv, iron, obs, arch, adj, myth, Bibl, conj, naut, poet, cj, cf.

6. Prove that labels are an important device used by dictionaries to suggest the connotative aspect of words. In the Oxford English Dictionary find words labeled as: dialect, approving, disapproving, figurative, formal, humorous, informal, ironic, literary, non-standard, offensive, old-fashioned, saying, slang, taboo.

7. Use the electronic Longman dictionary and break up the given words into frequently and infrequenly used; pay attention to labels W1 (Top 1000 written words), S1 (Top 1000 spoken words) and the like. How is syllable division showed (enter tools > settings)?

run, use, devoid, subtlety, marry, jump, particular, origin, carol, caviar, analysis, sample, age, light, mark, sign.

8. Compare two or three general-use dictionaries and comment on the similarities and differences.

9. Study two or three word entries taken from 4 explanatory dictionaries of the English language. Comment on types of definitions, paying attention to explanation of meanings and the causes.

Topics for presentations

• Indication of pronunciations in learner’s dictionaries.

• Oxford and Webster families of dictionaries

Part 3. Supplemental material What to Read

Main Sources:

1. Антрушина, Г.Я. Лексикология английского языка / Г.Я. Антрушина, О.В. Афанасьева, Н.Н. Морозова. – Изд. 2-е, стереотип. – М. : Дрофа, 2000. – 287 с.

2. Арнольд, И.В. The English Word / Лексикология современного английского языка : учеб. для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / И.В. Арнольд. – 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М. : Высш. школа, 1986. – 295 с.

3. Бабич, Г.Н. Lexicology : A Current Guide. Лексикология английского языка : учеб. пособие / Г.Н. Бабич. – 3-е изд., испр. – М. : Флинта : Наука, 2008. – 200 с.

4. Гвишиани, Н.Б. Современный английский язык: Лексикология (Modern English Studies : Lexicology) : учебное пособие для вузов / Н.Б. Гвишиани. – М. : Академия, 2007. – 224 с.

5. Дубенец, Э.М. Modern English Lexicology. Лексикология современного английского языка: Лекции и семинары Modern English Lexicology. Лексикология английского языка : Лекции и семинары / Э.М. Дубенец. – М. : Каро : Глосса-Пресс, 2004. – 192 с.

6. Елисеева, В.В. Лексикология английского языка / В.В. Елисеева. – СПб. : СПбГУ, 2003. – 58 с.

7. Зыкова, И.В. Практический курс английской лексикологии = A Practical Course in English Lexicology : учебное пособие для вузов / И.В. Зыкова. – Изд. 2-е, испр. – М. : Академия, 2007. – 283 с.

8. Минаева, Л.В. Лексикология и лексикография английского языка : учеб. пособие / Л.В. Минаева. – М. : АСТ : Астрель, 2007. – 222 с.

9. Кунин, А.В. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка / А.В. Кунин. – М.: Высшая школа, 1986. – 332 с.

10. Ginsburg, R.I. A Course in Modern English Lexicology / R.I. Ginsburg, I.I. Khidekel, G.Y. Knyazeva, A.A. Sankin. – М. : Высш. шк., 1966. – 275 с.

Additional Sources:

1. Арбекова, Т.И. Лексикология английского языка (Практический курс) : учеб. пособие для студентов II-III курсов ин-тов и ф-тов иностранных языков / Т.И. Арбекова. – М. : Высш. школа, 1977. – 240 с.

2. Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях : Readings in Modern English Lexicology : пособие для студентов пед. ин-тов (на англ. яз.). – М. : Просвещение, 1975. – 238 с.

3. Ахманова, О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов / О.С. Ахманова. – М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1966. – 607 с.

4. Большой энциклопедический словарь. Языкознание / под ред. В.Н. Ярцевой. – 2-е изд-е, доп. – М. : Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2002. – 709 с.

5. Гринберг, Л.Е. Exercises in Modern English Lexicology / Л.Е. Гринберг, М.Д. Кузнец, А.В. Кумачёва, Е.М. Мельцер. – М.: Высшая школа, 1966. – 239 с.

6. Заботкина, В.И. Новая лексика современного английского языка / В.И.  Заботкина. – М. : Высш. шк., 1989. – 126 с.

7. Медникова, Э.М. Значение слова и методы его описания / Э.М. Медникова. – М. : Высшая школа, 1974. – 202 с.

8. Каращук, П.М. Словообразование английского языка / П.М. Каращук. – М. : Высшая школа, 1977. – 303 с.

9. Маслова, В.А. Лингвокультурология / В.А. Маслова. – 2-е изд., стереотип. – М. : Академия, 2004. – 208 с.

10. Мешков, О.Д. Словообразование современного английского языка : каф. ин. яз. АН СССР / под ред. О.Д. Мешкова. – М. : Наука, 1976. – 245 с.

11. Никитин, М.В. Основы лингвистической теории значения : учеб. пособие / М.В. Никитин. – М. : Высшая школа, 1988. – 168 с.

12. Попова, З.Д., Стернин И.А. Очерки по когнитивной лингвистике / З.Д. Попова, И.А. Стернин. – Воронеж : Истоки, 2002. – 191 с.

13. Ретунская, М.С. Английская аксиологическая лексика : монография / М.С. Ретунская. – Н. Новгород : Изд-во Нижненовгород. гос. ун-та, 1996. – 272 с.

14. Смирницкий, А.И. Лексикология современного английского языка / А.И. Смирницкий. – М. : Изд. лит. на иностр. языке, 1956. – 260 с.

15. Стернин, И.А. Лексическое значение слова в речи / И.А. Стернин. – Воронеж : Изд-во Воронежского ун-та, 1985. – 171 с.

16. Телия В.Н. Коннотативный аспект семантики номинативных единиц / В.Н. Телия. – М. : Наука, 1986. – 143 с.

17. Тер-Минасова С.Г. Язык и межкультурная коммуникация. – 2-е издание, доработанное. – М. : Изд-во МГУ, 2004. – 352 с.

18. Уфимцева, А.А. Лексическое значение : Принцип семиологического описания лексики / А.А. Уфимцева. – Изд-е 2-е, стереотип. – М. : Едиториал УРСС, 2002. – 240 с.

19. Швейцер, А.Д. Литературный английский язык в США и Англии / А.Д. Швейцер. – Изд. 2. – М. : УPСС, 2003. – 200 с.

20. Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language / D. Crystal. – Cambridge University Press, 1995. – 489 p.

21. Issues in English Philology (Study Manual) : For advanced university students, Teachers’ Training Colleges of Foreign languages and the general reader who wishes to learn the problems of Modern English Philology. – Irkutsk, 2008. – 368 p.

Keys

Ex. 9 p. 143

1. cat / mew; 2. sheep / baa; 3. lion / roar; 4. cock / cock-a-doodle-do; 5. frog / croak; 6. cow / moo; 7. horse / whinny; 8. duck / quack; 9. sparrow / twitter; 10. dog / houl.

Ex. 3 p. 145

1. d 2. c 3. b. 4. a

Ex. 3 p. 149

17. 1. d 2. b 3. g 4. e 5. a 6. e 7. c 8. a 9. h 10. j 11. f 12. j 13. e 14. d 15. i

Ex. 7 p. 151

1. c 2. a 3 d 4 h 5. b 6. f 7. e 8. g

Ex. 9 p. 152

1. silly – degradation

2. camp – generalization

3. dole – specialization

4. demon – degradation

5. pretty – elevation

6. cabaret – specialization

7. holiday – generalization

8. fowl – specialization

9. mistress – degradation

10. disease – specialization

11. box – generalization

12. fond – elevationё

13. span – generalization

14. sell – specialization

15. charge – generalization

16. scent – elevation

17. cretin – degradation

Ex. 5 p. 160

1. semantic field; 2. thematic group; 3. lexico-semantic group.

Ex. 6 p. 160

Crime: robbery, burglary, theft, shoplifting, fraud, carjacking, assault, mugging, murder, rape, criminal, thief, crook, burglar, mugger, robber, pickpocket, rapist, offender, lawbreaker, crime, offence, felony, misdemeanour, organized crime, war crime, innocent, arrested, police, station, prison, witness, eyewitness.

Environment: bottle bank, recycle, ozone, sustainable energy, temperature, waste paper, throw away, litter, habitat, activist, ecologist, renewable energy, landscape, greenhouse effect, petrol, oil spills, carbon dioxide.

Word: anagram, anaphor, antonym, back-formation, charade, cognate, contraction, deictic, derivative, diminutive, dirty word, disyllable, four-letter word, frame, function word, good word, headword, homonym, hypernym, hyponym, key word, lexicalize, loanblend, loanword, metonymy, monosyllable, neologism, nonce word, palindrome, polysemant, polysyllable, quantifier, reduplication, substantive, synonym, term, terminology.

Ex. 7 p. 161

School – teacher, private – tutor, university – lecturer, football – coach, driving – instructor, racehorse – trainer.

Ex. 8 p. 161

1. hang; 2. come; 3. run; 4. apply; 5. show; 6. exercise.

Ex. 1 p. 163

1. b 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. c

Ex. 5 p. 163

1. phonetic change; 2. conversion; 3. shortening; 4. split of polysemy; 5. borrowing.

Ex. 6 p. 169

1) contraries; 2) contraries; 3) contraries; 4) contradictories; 5) contraries; 6) contradictories; 7) contraries; 8) contradictories; 9) contraries; 10) contraries; 11) contraries; 12) contraries; 13) contradictories.

Ex. 7 p. 169

1) conversives; 2) vectorial antonyms; 3) vectorial antonyms; 4) conversives; 5) vectorial antonyms; 6) conversives; 7) vectorial antonyms; 8) conversives; 9) vectorial antonyms; 10) conversives; 11) conversives.

Ex. 11 p. 170

Deny – admit; sink – float; improbable – likely; ineptitude – ability; subtle – obvious; deferential – disrespectful; cramped – spacious; gloomy – bright; elaborate – simple; zealous – lazy; victory – defeat.

Ex. 12 p. 170

1. k 2. c 3. o 4. d 5. e 6. g. 7. h 8. j 9. a 10. l 11. m 12. b 13. n 14. p. 15. i 16. f

Ex. 4 p. 173

1. i 2. g 3. h 4. a 5. d 6. f 7. e 8. 9. j c 10. b

Ex. 6 p. 173

The morphemes mono-, dia-, necro-, deca- possess the differential meaning as each of them may serve to distinguish the word it forms from the other words in the given set; similarly fledg(e)-, fond-, ground-, over-; -ground, -arm, -age, -dog; -able, -courage, -rich, -slave; de-, sub-, con-, in-; -head, -fool, -friend, -paw; -hop, -hunt, -share.

Ex. 9 p. 174

Pseudo-morphemes: detain, respect, resist, relieve, exceed, deduce, distinct.

Unique: roots hamlet, cranberry, Friday, pocket, pioneer, budget, pumpkin, coward, legible.

Ex. 10 p. 174

combining form

Ex. 11 p. 174

1. collage – unique root; 2. neighbourhood – indicating state or condition; -ful in the other words has a collective meaning; 3. handful – it’s a noun; all the others are adjectives; 4. inedible – in the other adjectives the prefix in- doesn’t have a negative meaning, it gives the idea of inside or into; 5. compliment – all the others are verb + -ment, e.g. appoint + ment. There’s no verb ‘compli’; 6. worship – the suffix -ship denotes ‘state or condition’ whereas in the other words it has the meaning ‘all the people in a particular group’; 7. hamlet – unique root, -let in the other words has a diminutive quality; 8. document – docu- is a bound root, all the others are free roots; 9. profitwise – the semi-affix -wise is used for saying ‘with reference to’ whereas in the other words it has the meaning ‘direction or manner’; 10. harshly – the suffix -ly is used to form an adverb from a noun stem, in the other words -ly is used to form adjectives from nouns.

Ex. 12 p. 175

Complete segmentability: prewar, blackberry, furious, streamlet, streamline, tablet, tablecloth, hostess, centralise, disqualify, unwrap, educative;

conditional segmentability: prevail, conceive, receive, subtract, distract, obsess, obstruct, posess, respect, support, impress, depose, advertise;

defective segmentability: mulberry, raspberry, hostage, fraction, delete.

Ex. 1 p. 177

Native affixes: -er, -like, -ness, -ful, with-, over-, un-, be-, -dom, -en, a-, mis-, for-, -y, -ish; borrowed affixes: de-, ir-, со-, -ant, -ive, -ous, -al, -able, -ize, super-, dis-, trans-, inter-, anti-, ultra-, infra-, under-, intro-, ab-.

Ex. 2 p. 177

Productive affixes: -er, -ize, -or, -ish, un-, non-, dis-, -ness, -ee, -tion, -less, -ify, -ry, -ence (ance), -ly, -ing, -y, -ist, -ic, -ed, -ate; non-productive affixes: -en, -th, -ous, -hood, pro-, bi-, -some, -red, -ful, -ward, -wise, -ship.

Ex. 4 p. 177

amazement, complication, composition, fastener, infection, innovation, isolation, length, toleration, weakness, width, depth, life, belief, practice, feed, devise, shelf, bleed, fill, gild, prog’ress, con’tract, ‘produce, ‘conduct.

Ex. 5 p. 177

bridal, bushy, corrupt, modest, monotonous, mythological, painful, proud, reluctant, vain, bloody, brotherly, earthly, fatherly, friendly, heavenly, homely, milky, motherly, nightly, watery, womanly, manly, truly, timely, cloudy, handy, lively, roomy, wartime/like.

Ex. 12 p. 180

docusoap < docu(mentary) + soap (opera);

alcopop < alco(hol) + pop (= pay);

heliport < helicopter + airport;

motel < motor + hotel;

boatel < boat + hotel;

breathalyzer < breath + analyzer;

prosumer < professional + consumer;

Eurovision < European + television;

multiversity < multiple + university;

newscast < news + broadcast;

paratroops < parachute + troops;

telecast < television + broadcast;

travelogue < travel + catalogue;

telex < teleprinter + exchange;

smaze < smoke + haze;

positron < positive + electron;

medicare < medical care;

dawk < dove + hawk (a politician who tries to cater to both liberal and conservative parties);

Eurailpass < European + rail + pass;

Fritalux < France + Italy + Benelux;

identikit < identification kit (фоторобот);

petnapping < pet + kidnapping;

petrodollars < petroleum + dollars;

stagflation < stagnation + inflation;

swacket < sweater + jacket;

vodkatini < vodka + martini;

docufantasy < documentary + fantasy;

dramacom < drama + comedy;

infomercial < infitmation + commercial;

telebook < television + book;

toytoon < toy + cartoon.

Ex. 14 p. 180

Peddle < peddler, edit < editor, hawk < hawker, enthuse < enthusiasm, stoke < stoker, swindle < swindler, televise < television, donate < donation, sculpt < sculptor, blood-transfuse < blood-transfusion, compute < computer, lase < laser.

Ex. 15 p. 181

1) stroke – to strike, song – to sing, hot – to heat, blood – to bleed;

2) abuse – to abuse, relief – to relieve, advice – to advise, shelf – to shelve, half – to halve, house – to house, thief – to thieve, use – to use, mouth – to mouth, belief – to believe, sheath – to sheathe, grief – to grieve, wreath – to wreathe;

3) bath – to bathe, life – to live, breath – to breathe, glass – to glaze.

Ex. 1 p. 182

Indo-European: summer (German Sommer, Sanskrit samā season), will (German wollen, Latin velle), I (German ich, Latin ego, рус. я), mother (German Mutter, Latin māter, рус. мать), stand (German stehen, Latin stāre, рус. стоять), arm (German Arm, Latin armus), moon (German Mond, Latin mensis), shoot (German sciessen, Old Slavonic iskydati, рус. скидывать), by (Dutch bij, German bei, Sanskrit abhi), tree (Greek doru, рус. древо), me (German mir, Latin mē, рус. меня), goose (German Gans, Greek khēn, Sanskrit hainsas, рус. гусь), car (Latin carra), heart (Latin cor, Greek kardia, рус. сердце), sun (German Sonne, Latin sol, Greek helios, рус. солнце), one (German ein, Latin unus, Greek oinē рус. один), eye (German Auge, Sanskrit aksi, рус. око), foot (Old Saxon fot, Old Norse fotr, Dutch voet, Old High German fuoz, Gothic fotus, German Fuß, Sanskrit pat, accusative padam, Greek pos, Latin pes, genitive pedis), be (Latin fui, Greek phuein, Sanskrit bhavati, рус. быть); Common Germanic: shall (Dutch zal, German soll), bridge (Dutch brug, German Brücke), stone (Dutch steen, German Stein), drive (Dutch drijven, German treiben), under (Dutch onder, German unter), hope (Dutch hoop, German hopper), ice (Dutch ijs, German Eis), life (Dutch lijf, German Leib), skirt (Old Norse skyrta), coal (Old Norse kol, Old High German kolo, Old Irish gūal), bull (German Bulle), white (Dutch wit, German Wiess).

Ex. 2 p. 183

a) turkey, b) fruit, apricot, orange, water-melon, banana, grapes, cherry, melonfig, lemon, mango, c) cattle, lamb, donkey, rabbit.

Ex. 3 p. 183

Bin, cart, car, bard, flannel, whisky, slogan, mackintosh.

Ex. 6 p. 184

Scabby – shabby, nay – no, ward – guard, off – of, route – rout, salon – saloon, chivalry – cavalry, papyrus – paper, thorough – through, shirt – skirt, shell – scale, disc – disk, mayor – major, screw – shrew, chart – cart, shadow – shade, artiste – artist, pauper – poor, hotel – hospital – hostel, channel – canal, jail – gaol, sir – senior, loyal – legal.

Ex. 9 p. 185

1. k. Cuban, 2. e. Arabic, 3. h. Italian, 4. a. French, 5. j. Turkish, 6. g. Norwegian, 7. c. Yiddish, 8. i. Balti, 9. f . German, 10. b. Japanese, 11. l. Russian, 12. d. Greek.

Ex. 10 p. 186

1. c. that is < Lat. id est; 2. h. loan translation < German Lehnübersetzung; 3. i. flea market < French marché aux puces; 4. d. lose face < Chinese diū liǎn; 5. l. paper tiger < Chinese zhǐ lǎohǔ; 6. a. crime of passion < French crime passionel; 7. e. by heart < French par cœur; 8. f. marriage of convenience < French mariage de convenance; 9. g. masterpiece < German Meisterstück; 10. j. rainforest < German Regenwald; 11. b. commonplace < Lat. locus commūnis < Greek koinos topos; 12. k. gospel (good + spell) < Greek evangelion (good news).

Ex. 2 p. 188

Formal words: plausible, to inform, thine, to assist, to cooperate, to promote, to secure, to determine, to resolve, to endeavour, to proceed, to inquire, aforesaid, herewith, hereby, albeit; informal words: plank, fella, baccy, smeller, skunk, hoody, mollycoddle, do-less, gaffer, radge, drifter, teahead, poppycock, crap; neutral words: possible, to tell, to help, to work, to make, to wish, to try, to go, to ask.

Ex. 3 p. 188

a) broadband link is a term, it’s not a common literary word; b) foster-child is an odd one in the set of barbarisms and foreign words; c) male is not a poetic word; d) kin is not an archaic word; e) bucks doesn’t belong to terms and learned words.

Ex. 5 p. 189

Terms: venture capitalist, seed capital, to generate money, to assess risks, to raise money, equity, capital gains, blue chips, to float a loan, to bull the market, bear market. Professionalisms: business angel, a loan shark, dead parrot, to go in the red, godfather offer, rainmaker, yellow dog.

Ex. 9 p. 191

1. nervous; 2. don’t know, is going to, bit of a coward; 3. talkative; 4. was sold by auction; 5. in love with, fond of; 6. eccentric or crazy; 7. a lot of alcoholic drink; 8. traffic policeman; 9. boyfriend and girlfriend; 10. toilet; 11. relax / calm yourself; 12. He has got a lot of money; 13. – .

Ex. 10 p. 191

1. date or Fancy going out? instead of appointment; 2. children or kids instead of offspring; 3. ’I never drink’ or ‘I never touch alcohol’ instead of alcoholic beverages; 4. ok; 5. advertisements instead of ads.

Ex. 12 p. 192

Archaisms: dame, rue, (to their greatest) height, wrought, wight, hallow, anon, natheless, eke, sooth, troth, rendition;

historisms: bill, gorget, yeoman, hauberk, goblet, mace, phaeton, schooner;

neologisms: cybersickness, keypad, animatronics, genetically modified, celebutante, mentee, shoulder-surfing, Yogalates, agroterrorism, crunk.

Ex. 13 p. 192

1) tri-band, PDA, therapize, hardscape; 2) zombie, blowback, Search me!, antifreeze, scarf; 3) sozzler, bread-basket, hairstylist or beautician, environmental hygienist.

Ex. 3 p. 195

as dead as a post (door-nail/ doornail/ herring / dodo/ Julius Caesar/ mutton); as cold as ice; as bold as brass; as pale as a ghost (ashes/ death); as ugly as sin; as true as I stand here; as sure as eggs is eggs (a gun/ death/ fate/ I’m alive/ I’m sitting here/ I stand here/ you’re born); as neat as a new pin (bandbox/ ninepence); as plain as day (daylight/ pikestaff / packstaff/ the nose on your face/ the sun at noonday/ Salisbury); as mad as a March hare (hatter); as light as a feather (thistle-down); as different as chalk and cheese; as large as life; as hard (tough) as nails; as quick as a flash (lightning/ thought); as flat as a pancake (board / a flounder/ your hand); as fresh as a daisy (a rose/ paint); as good as gold, as cool as a cucumber, as dry as a bone.

Ex. 4 p. 195

1) a heart of gold, a cold fish, an awkward customer, a pain in the neck, quick off the mark, a slowcoach, a fast worker, an odd-ball, round the bend, middle-of-the-road, over the top;

2) teacher’s pet, top of the class, a real know-all, a big-head, a lazy bones, to have a good head for figures, to have a head like a sieve;

3) to be on cloud nine, to be in high spirits, to keep one’s chin up, to look down in the dumps, to be in a black mood, like a bear with a sore head, to be over the moon, to feel as pleased as Punch, to feel browned off;

4) to be head and shoulders above smb., to be streets ahead of, to knock spots off, out of this world, to be a dab-hand at smth., first-rate, top-notch, to be really on the ball, to have the gift of the gab;

5) to talk down to smb., to talk behind smb’s back, small talk, to talk shop, to give a talking to smb., to put it in an nutshell, to talk rubbish, to be long-winded, to talk sense, to get to the point, to speak one’s mind, to wrap up the discussion, to talk at cross purposes, to get a word in edgeways, don’t ‘let’s’.

Ex. 6 p. 196

1. bull, verbal; 2. lamb, substantive; 3. dog, verbal; 4. snake, verbal; 5. pig, substantive; 6. fly, verbal; 7. fish, substantive; 8. chicken, verbal; 9. bee, verbal; 10. cat, substantive.

Ex. 8 p. 197

1. b 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. b 8. a 9. a 10. b

Ex. 9 p. 197

1) Sir Toby: “Dost thou think because thou art virtuous there shall be no more cakes and ale?” (W. Shakespeare, ‘Twelfth Night’, act II, sc. 3); 2) Parable of the Prodigal Son, Luke 15 : 11-32; 3) Genesis 3 : 19; 4) Greek mythology. Greek hero, the son of Peleus and the sea goddess Thetis: in the Iliad the foremost of the Greek warriors at the siege of Troy. While he was a baby his mother plunged him into the river Styx making his body invulnerable except for the heel by which she held him. After slaying Hector, he was killed by Paris who wounded him in the heel; 5) Matthew 7 : 15; 6) Rubicon is a stream in North Italy: in ancient times the boundary between Italy and Cisalpine Gaul. By leading his army across it and marching on Rome in 49 BC, Julius Caesar broke the law that a general might not lead an army out of the province to which he was posted and so committed himself to civil war with the senatorial party. 7) Greek mythology. A golden apple inscribed "For the fairest." was claimed by Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, to whom Paris awarded it, thus beginning a chain of events that led to the Trojan War; 8) Iago: "...Heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty, But seeming so for my peculiar end: For when my outward action doth demonstrate The native act and figure of my heart In compliment extern, ‘tis not long after But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve For daws to peck at: I am not what I am." (W. Shakespeare, ‘Othello’, act I, sc. 1); 9) native; 10) Ecclesiastes 10 : 1; 11) native, alluding to a custom in France of leaving without saying goodbye to one’s host or hostess; 12) Ophelia: “O, what a noble mind is here o’erthrown! The courtier’s, soldier’s, scholar’s eye, tongue, sword: The expectancy and rose of the fair state, The glass of fashion and the mould of form, The observ’d of all observers, - quite, quite down!” (W. Shakespeare, ‘Hamlet’, act III, sc. 1); 13) Nurse: “Pray you, sir, a word: and as I told you, my young lady bade me inquire you out; what she bade me say, I will keep to myself: but first let me tell ye, if ye should lead her into a fool's paradise, as they say, it were a very gross kind of behavior, as they say: for the gentlewoman is young; and, therefore, if you should deal double with her, truly it were an ill thing to be offered to any gentlewoman, and very weak dealing.” (W. Shakespeare, ‘Romeo and Juliet’, act II, sc. 4).

Ex. 1 p. 202

aluminium, analogue, annexe, artefact, connection, cheque, dialogue, disc, doughnut, draught, encyclopaedia, grey, Halloween, harbour, hospitalised, jewellery, judgement, labour, light, manoeuvre, mould, moustache, omelette, pyjamas, plough, practise, pretence, programme, quarrelled, speciality, storey, sulphur, theatre, through, tyre, woolen, afterwards, drugs.

Ex. 3 p. 202

Group 1:

tardy – 1. BrE sluggish, slow; 2. AmE late; homely – 1. BrE simple, not trying to seem important or special, a homely meal of bread & cheese; 2. AmE (of people, faces etc.) not good-looking, unattractive; sick – 1) BrE inclined or likely to vomit; 2) AmE suffering from ill health; corn – 1) any of various cereal plants, esp the predominant crop of a region, such as wheat in England and oats in Scotland and Ireland; 2) AmE maize; buzzard – 1. BrE a large bird (a kind of hawk) thet kills & eats other creatures; 2. AmE a large black bird (a kind of vulture) thet eats dead flesh;

bun – 1. BrE a small round sweet cake; 2. AmE a small round plain or sweetened bread; flip-flop – 3. AmE infml a change of mind; 5. BrE a type of open shoe which is use made of rubber and is held on by the toes & loose at the back // AmE thongs; bathroom – 1) BrE a room containing a bath or shower and usually a washbasin and lavatory; 2) AmE and Canadian another name for lavatory; vacation – 1. BrE any of the period of holiday when unuversities are closed; 2. AmE a holiday; pavement – 1. BrE a paved surface or path at the side of a street for people to walk on; 2. AmE the hard surface of a street; smart – 1. BrE neat & stylish in appearance; 3. quick or forceful: a smart blow; 2. AmE a) a good or quick in thinking clever; b) disrespectful, esp. towards someone older, impudent; bureau – 1. BrE a large desk or writing-table with a wooden cover which shuts or sides over the top to close it; 2. AmE chest of drawers; 4. AmE a division of government department.

Group 2:

guess – 1) to form or express an uncertain estimate or conclusion (about something), based on insufficient information; 3) informal AmE and Canadian to believe, think, or suppose smth.; billion – 1) one thousand million; 2) (formerly, in Britain) one million million; dessert – 1) the sweet, usually last course of a meal; 2) chiefly BrE (esp. formerly) fruit, dates, nuts, etc., served at the end of a meal; fag end – 2) infml AmE cigarette // BrE the last bit of a smoked, no longer burning cigarette; express – 2. BrE a service given by the post office for carrying things faster than usual; tube – 4. BrE infml for underground a tube station/train; 6. AmE infml for television; cocktail – 2. AmE an appetizer of seafood, mixed fruits, etc.

Ex. 4 p. 202

1. AmE 2. BrE 3. AmE 4. BrE 5. BrE 6. BrE 7. AmE

Ex. 5 p. 203

Historical Americanisms: corn, sick, fall, mad, guess; proper Americanisms: adjunct professor, electoral college, campus, bluejay, bobcat, casket, poker-faced, patrol wagon, wheels, wheat, dude, slicker; American borrowings: jazz, mosquito, skunk, raccoon, moose, canyon, coyote, tepee, wickiup, wigwam, buffalo.

Ex. 6 p. 203

Ex. 7 p. 203

Excuse me … / Pardon me …; holidays / vacations; ground floor / first floor; lift / elevator; handbag / purse; surname / family name; petrol / gasoline; phone (ring up) / call; purified cotton, cotton-wool / absorbent cotton; autumn / fall; pram / baby carriage; raincoat, mackintosh / slicker; tube, underground / subway; postman / mailcarrier; draughts / checkers; queue / line; purse / wallet, billfold; pharmacy, chemist’s / drugstore; mainroad / highway; tin / can; second-year student / sophomore; post code / ZIP code; mobile phone / cell phone, telephone box / telephone booth, waistcoat / vest, lift / elevator; rent / hire; car park / parking lot; inquiry office / information bureau; interval / intermission; seaside / beach; stalls / ochestra.

Ex. 8 p. 204

Monday through Friday, Monday to Friday; visit with somebody, visit somebody; stand on the corner, stand at the corner; to go on train, to go by train; to get from a train, to get off a train; live on street X, live in street X; aside from, apart from; a quarter of nine, a quater to nine; quarter after nine, quarter past nine; to fill out a form, to fill in a form; to stay home, to stay at home; on the weekend, at the weekend; in behalf of, on behalf of; different than, different from; to check smth. out, to check smth.; to do smth. over, to do smth. again.

Ex. 9 p. 204

1. You’d take the American to the bathroom and the Brit to the kitchen. 2. The Brit, because people do not usually talk about needing to change their underwear although you might well say that you want to change outer clothes. 3. One flight for the American but two for the Brit. 4. An American would be in a bank and a Brit in a café. 5 The American would wear it over his shirt and the Brit would wear it under the shirt.

Ex. 10 p. 204

A.1) I had a puncture. 2) Pass me the biscuits. 3) It’s in the wardrobe. 4) Open the curtains. 5) We’ve run out of petrol. 6) Our bags are in the boot. 7) Single or return? 8) Buy a single ticket. 9) We’re leaving in the autumn. 10) I hate waiting in a queue.

B. 1. Have you got the time? – Yeah, it’s five to four. – Did you say five past? – No, five to four. 2. What are you going to do at the weekend? – The usual. Play football with the kids, and do a bit of gardening. 3. Did you enjoy the match? – Yeah, it was great, but we had to queue for half an hour to get tickets. 4. Did you have a good holiday? – Yeah, really good. – How long were you away? – Five days altogether. From Monday to Friday. 5. Can you post this letter and parcel for me? – Of course. – And can you call at the off-lisence and buy a six-pack of Stella and some crisps? – Is that all? 6. Did you watch The Birds on telly last night? – I did, even though I’ve seen it twice before. – My third time. Isn’t it just a terrific film? – It certainly is. One of my favourites. 7. Have they brought the bill yet? – Yeah. They just have. But I can’t read a thing. The lighting is too bad in here. 8. Do we need a stop for petrol? – Yes, why not? I need to go to the loo, anyway.

Ex. 11 p. 205

1. smoking (or tea or coffee) break; 2. journalist, university; 3. mosquitoes, barbecue; 4. business; 5. afternoon; 6. adults / parents.

Ex. 12 p. 205

1. flee; 2. catch (e.g. by police); 3. capture / obtain; 4. man who annoys girls; 5. car thief; 6. plimsolls, sneakers; 7. people awaiting trial; 8. underwear.

Ex. 13 p. 206

1. She gave birth to a baby girl. 2. Church-bells. 3. No, it isn’t, it’s too dreary/dull. 4. Looking after the school buildings. 5. A glass of whisky (in theory, a small one). 6. Yes, he is. 7. A lake.

Ex. 14 p. 206

1. Probably not. 2. It is in lots of small very tight plaits. 3. When you have been working or exercising very hard, for instance. 4. They improvise. In other words they just play whatever comes into their heads, they don’t follow any music score.

Ex. 15 p. 206

1. look 2. kids 3. table 4. teeth 5. church 6. hat

Ex. 1 p. 208

1. restricted, explanatory, monolingual, synchronic; 2. encyclopaedic / non-linguistic dictionary; 3. general, explanatory, monolingual, synchronic (in hard-copy form), synchronic and diachronic (on CD); 4. general, specialized, monolingual, synchronic; 5. general, explanatory, monolingual, synchronic (in hard-copy form), synchronic and diachronic (on CD), for advanced learner’s; 6. restricted, explanatory, bilingual, synchronic; 7. general, explanatory, monolingual, synchronic; 8. restricted, explanatory, bilingual, synchronic; 9. general, specialized, monolingual, synchronic; 10. general, explanatory, multilingual, synchronic, on-line; 11. general, explanatory, multilingual, synchronic and diachronic, CD; 12. general, restricted, monolingual, synchronic;  13. general, specialized, monolingual, diachronic, on-line; 14. general, specialized, monolingual, synchronic; 15. restricted, explanatory, monolingual, synchronic; 16. general, specialized, monolingual, diachronic.

Abbreviations

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Appendix

Cтатья 866 “Content” в «Тезаурусе …» П.М. Роже

Учебное издание

Волкова Анна Александровна

Тимофеева Елена Александровна

English lexicology: theory and practice Учебное пособие

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