3. Carry of substances to hydrosphere.

Passa - carry of the dissolved chemical substances also is function of diffusions, konvtctions, dispersions, decomposition biotichecal and abiotichecal reactions.

Carry between environments.

Ground-water (due to adsorption)

Water-air (diffusion)

Air-water (dry sedimentation).

Atmospheric carry.

Due to processes of hashing and air currents. In troposphere for 3-4 months. In a stratosphere for 2 years.

Atmospheric carry

Local scale regional

(Some minutes) Global Regional

(About several weeks) (Some day)

Kinds of atmospheric carry:

1). Oceanic circulation.

2). Air carry of a surface by waters.

3). Biotichecal carry of pollution.

The important role of carry of a matter in экосистемах is played with the cycles, differing transformation of energy. Chemical elements circulate in biosphere on харатерным to ways. These, to a greater or lesser extent, the closed ways refer to as biogeochemical circulations.

Movements жизненеобходимых substances and inorganic connections refer to as circulations of nutrients.

In each circulation it is convenient to distinguish two parts or fund:

- Reserve (the greater weight of substances);

- An exchange collection (smaller, but more active). For it the fast exchange between organisms and is characteristic environment.

In biosphere as a whole distinguish two kinds of circulation:

- Circulation of gaseous substances;

- A sedimentary cycle with reserve fund in a terrestrial surface.

4. Moving of substance in ecological systems on food circuits.

A number of alive organisms in which one organisms eat the predecessor on a circuit refers to as a food circuit and in turn appear eaten by those who follows them. The basic functions of a food circuit - carry of substances and energy in ecological systems.

Food circuits are crossed, forming a food network (a trophic network).

Owl jackal

Grass rabbit fox

wolf

Biotichecal carry is carried out on a circuit of a feed and as a result movings of animals. Biotichecal the mineralization prevails during decomposition of organic substances.

Criteria and concepts of studying of substances.

Criteria of change of structure of an environment:

- Volume of manufacture;

- Scopes;

- Distribution to an environment;

- Stability and ability to decomposition.

Stability is the property of substance defining duration of its stay in the environment. Before it is deduced from the environment or undergoes changes.

There is a target, desirable and undesirable stability.

Transformation - change of structure of substances under influence of factors of environment.

Happen biotichecal and abiotichecal. To abiotichecal oxidation-reduction processes, photochemical, photophysical, etc. concern

Toxic properties - the properties defining, on how many this or that substance is dangerous.

Dangerous substances and the analysis of risk.

Danger of substance is a probability of occurrence harmful for экосистемы effects in conditions of manufacture and application of substance. The estimation of substance from the point of view of danger or risk of application develops of an exposition - an operating doze, i.e. concentration of the substance influencing object during time.

Toxicity - potential influence for concrete individuals or ecological systems, depending on concentration.

Risk - a measure of probability of occurrence of infringement of corresponding weight.