329 In correspondence with

representations, 231 in a world, 119,232 incidental, 317 inclusive disjunction, 165 6 incompatibility, 125, 128 indefinite descriptions, 300 indeterminacy xvi, 96, 149 index, 15, 227, 230, 294 temporal, 227 use of term, 303 indexical function, 269, 302 indexical semantics, 232 3, 341 2 indexicality, 15, 227, 341 2 and deixis, 302 11 and modality, 233 uses of term, 302 3 indicates, 15 indication, 15 indicative mood, 176, 256 indicative of, to be, 15 indicative sentences, 177, 178, 179

distinguished from declarative, 331-2 indices (Montague), 229 indirect discourse, 197 indirect speech acts, 39, 252, 270,

280-3,285 6 indirect use, 144 indirect-discourse, 184, 197 individuals, distinguished from persons,

257

Indo-European languages, 179, 191,338 inference, and meaning-postulates, 221 infinitive-form, 25 inflecting languages, 31 3 inflection, 52, 53, 105 inflectional forms of a word, 24-5, 32

inscriptions, 35, 235 instances, 49 instantiates, 49 instrumental meaning, 45 intension,81 2,912,225,227,228,

294,295

intensional, use of term, 225 intensional contexts, 230 1 intensional interpretation, 301 2 intensional logic, 328 9 intensionality, 209,295 intentionality, and conventionality, 3-5,

12

interdefmable terms, 76 interlexical relations, 80 interlingual synonymy, 78 International Phonetic Alphabet, 23 interpersonal, 45 interpersonal meaning, 45 interrogative pronouns and adjectives,

categorial gap between, 308 9 interrogative sentences, 33, 38 9, 176,

177 compared with declarative sentences,

177,182 93 the meaning of, 182-93 interrogatives, neutral or marked, 186-7 interrogativity

and dubitativity, 192 3 and mood, 191 3

intersubstitutability, salva veritate, 230 intertranslatability, 141 intonation, 10, 36, 156-7, 171, 185-6 intonation-contour, 14, 244 intonation-patterns, 39 intralingual relations, 80 intralingual synonymy, 78 Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics

(Lyons) xiii Irish, 170 ironically, 181 is indicative of, 15 isomorphism, 23

grammatical and semantic, 204-9,

206

Italian, 19,41,42, 180, 186 italics, 9, 10,24,262

Japan -se, 309 Javanese, 309

Kant, Immanuel, 119

Katz,J,J., 186

'The structure of a semantic theory',

209, 220 Katz-Fodor theory of meaning, 160,

199,200,209 21,215-21 comparison with Montague

grammar, 221 -2 Kay. P. ,95 kernel, 205

kernel-string (Chomsky i. 205 Korean, 309 Kripkc. Saul. 92 3, 121

langage, 19 20 language

as a count noun or as a mass noun, 17-19

uses of the word, 1 2, 16- 19 Language, Meaning and Context (Lyons)

xi-xii language-acquisition, 14,66, 71

by children, 85 6

Chomsky's theory of, 21

and cognitive development, 97 8

and socialization, 257 language-communities, 21 language-faculty, 21 language-families, 67 language-game, 292 language-internal relations, 100-1 language-signals, 240, 247 language-system, 18, 236. 260, 339

products of the use of the, 20, 105, 236

use of the, 105,236 languages

diflerent degrees of subjectivity in, 341

with no indicative mood, 1 78-9,

331 2

Inngue, 19-20,21,234 Latin, 67, 155, 296, 320, 321, 338

disjunction in, 165-6

mood in, 177-8. 179 Leibniz, Gottfried, 86, 88, 118, 152,

225, 226, 329 Leibniz's Law, 230 1 lexemes, 47,51, 77,78

pairs in combination, 216 lexical ambiguity, 56 7, 266-8

and grammatical ambiguity, 54-60 lexical decomposition, 108, 222, 223

lexical differences between languages,

89-96

lexical fields, 102 lexical meaning, 33, 47, 52

distinguished from grammatical meaning, 52-4, 69, 71-4

integration with sentence-meaning, 103

and non-lexical meaning xv

and sentence-meaning, 43

and word-meaning, 70 lexical semantics, xv, 104 5

bibliography, 344 lexicalization

bibliography, 345

and grammaticalization, 312-13

of mood, 256 lexicalized, 52, 193 lexically composite expressions, 51-2,

60,81,82,87,206 lexically simple expressions, 50 2, 60,

81,206

lexicography, 26 7, 96, 100-1 lexicon, 47, 69, 72,213

distinguished from grammar, 69, 72 4 licence the inference, 287 linguistic competence see competence,

20 1 linguistic semantics, 6, 203, 298, 342

bibliography, 343 4

definition xii

and formal semantics, 200-3

neglect of, 16

and non-linguistic semantics, 11-16

use of term xii linguistic theory, 203 linguistics, definition, 1 1-12 literal interpretation, 38, 136, 280-4 literary criticism, 65 literary semantics, 104 literature, and out-of-context saliency,

267

localism, 326 locutionary act, 240-7, 266

use of term, 245 locutionary agency, and subjectivity,

336-42 locutionary agent, 268 9, 305, 321,

339-40

locutionary deixis, 304 5, 311 locutionary subjectivity, 337-40

368 Index

Index 369

logic, xiii, 103

influence on linguistics, 153 4 logical empiricism, 86 logical form, 120 1, 149 50, 208

and grammatical structure, 153-4,

159-62

use of term, 162

logical positivism, 140-1, 145, 149, 237 logical semantics, 6, 221, 302, 318, 327 logically true or false proposition, 120 Longman, Dictionary of Contemporary

English, 87 lowly inflecting languages, 67

Malay, 306, 312 manner, 277, 279-80 maps, 205

mass nouns, 1718, 91 material identity, 31 2 material implication, 167 9 maxims, Grice's, 277 80 meaning

broad view of xii

and communication, 43

distinction from use xiii

and form, 22-32

kinds of, 41-5, 43-5

the meaning of, 36

ontological and psychological status of, 41-3

relatedness of, 28 -9, 58 60

sound and, 211- 12

theories of, 40

various interpretations of, 204

of words, 75 101 meaning-is-use theory of meaning, 40,