I. Verbals
Participle I
Participle 1 Active Passive
Non-perfect sending being sent
Perfect having sent having been sent
В предложении причастие 1 может выступать как определение (все формы, кроме перфектных), как обстоятельство (времени, причины, образа действия, и др.) в сочетании с союзами when, while, if, with ; и как часть сложного дополнения и обстоятельства в предикативных оборотах.
Non perfect form of participle 1
To hear, to see, to look,, to notice, to learn, to understand, to realize, to come, to arrive, to seize, to turn.
II. The gerund
Active Passive
Non-perfect writing being written
Perfect having written having been written
Герундий может выступать в предложении как:
1) подлежащее,
2) часть сказуемого;
3) дополнение;
4) предложное дополнение (после многих глаголов, причастий, прилагательных, требующих определенных предлогов);
5) определение;
6) обстоятельство (времени, образа действия, цели, сопутствующих условий).
III. The infinitive
Form Active Passive
Indefinite to send to be sent
Continuous to be sending ---------------
Perfect to have sent to have been sent
Perfect Continuous to have been sending ---------------------
Some grammar rules:
The to-infinitive is used:
to express purpose. He went to university to become a lawyer.
after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse etc).
He refused to pay the bill.
after certain adjectives (happy, glad, sorry etc).
She was happy to win the prize.
after I would like\would prefer to express specific preference.
I’d like to see the manager.
after certain nouns. What a surprise to see him there!
after too\enough constructions.
He’s too young to have his own car.
with: it + be+ adjective (+ of + noun\pronoun).
It was generous of him to offer money.
with: so + adjective + as.
Would you be so kind as to help me move the sofa?
with “only” to express an unsatisfactory result.
She came in only to find Bob had left.
after: be + the first\second etc\next\last\best etc.
He was the last to come to work.
in the expression: for + noun\pronoun + to –inf.
For him to be so rude was unforgivable.
in expressions such as : to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest etc.
To be honest, I don’t like him.
The infinitive without to is used:
after: most modal verbs,
after: had better\would rather
after: make\let\see\hear\feel + object. They made him pay for the damage. But: in the passive: be made, be heard, be seen + to –infinitive.
“know” and “help” are followed by a to-infinitive or an infinitive without to.
I have never known him (to) be so mean.
In the passive: be known, be helped + to-infinitive.
She was known to have worked as a teacher.
Some grammar rules
Used to-(+ Infinitive), be used to- get used to (+Gerund)
USED TO expresses past habits, regularly repeated actions in the past or past states.
(Stative verbs are not used with “would”)
WOULD expresses regularly repeated actions and routines in the past. It isn’t used for states.
BE USED TO means “be accustomed to”, “be in the habit of”.
WAS GOING TO expresses actions one intended to do but didn’t do.
For example:
She used to tell me stories. (also would tell me…)
He used to live in the country.(not: would – state)
He used to have a beard. (not :would – state)
The negative form is either:
I didn’t use to or I used not to (rare for some speakers).
Mum would always make me a big breakfast.
(also: Mum used to make…)
She isn’t used to living in tropical climates. (=she isn’t accustomed to living…)
She was going to move to London but then she decided to stay in York.
WAS GOING TO describes events intended to take place, but which didn’t happened.
For example: I was going to phone you, but I forgot.
I was thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven’t decided.
I was about to do it, but I started doing something else.
Jack was to have taken part, but he fell ill.
About the usage “make” and “do”
DO – shopping, work, homework, housework, cleaning, washing up, gardening, military service, mathematics, something interesting, a boring job….
MAKE – arrangements, an offer, a suggestion, an attempt, an effort, an excuse, a mistake, a noise, a phone call, a date, a profit, a bed, a cake, a speech, trouble…..
To do or to make?
To make a cup of tea, to do one’s best, to do the washing up, to make a mess, to make an offer, to do aerobics, to do a favour, to make plans, to do the waltz, to make a mistake, to do the accounts, to make a date, to do business, to make trouble, to do the ironing, to do a casserole, to make a cabinet, to do exercises, to do cleaning.
DO – shopping, work, homework, housework, cleaning, washing up, gardening, military service, mathematics, something interesting, a boring job….
Remember, please
Only singular
News, advice, information, knowledge, furniture, luggage
Only plural
People, trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, thanks, police..
Some grammar rules for using gerund
The –ing form is used:
as a noun. Walking is a good exercise.
after certain verbs: accuse of, admit, anticipate, appreciate, approve of, avoid, be better of, consider, count on, continue, delay, deny, depend on, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, give up, go, imagine, insist on, involve, keep on (=continue), mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practice, prevent from, put off, quit, recall, recollect, rely on, report, succeed in, think about, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand, worry about, etc).
after: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference. She likes painting.
Note: like + to-inf = it’s a good idea. I like to wash my hair every day.
after: I’m busy, it’s no use, it’s (no) good, it’s (not) worth, what’s the use of, can’t help, there’s no point (in), can’t stand, have difficulty ( in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard\difficult time, be : better off, accustomed to, afraid of, capable of, intend on, successful in, tired of . He can’t stand being treated like a slave. He had difficulty finding his way back.
after: spend\waste ( time, money etc), look forward to, be (get) used to, be (get) accustomed to, admit (to).
After prepositions: after, before, on, upon, by, without, instead of, in spite of
Ex.1 Open the brackets, use the correct verb and grammar tense form
Your hat (to lie/to lay) on the table.
You may (to lie/to lay) your coat on the table.
Europe (to lie/to lay) North of Africa.
Do you enjoy (to lie/to lay) in the sun?
The Sun (to rise/to raise) in the East.
(To rise/to raise) your hand if you want to speak.
I (to be raised/ to be risen) in a big family.
Don’t (to rise/to raise) noise!
. Smoke (to rise/to raise) from the factory chimneys.
The temperature (to rise/to raise) recently above zero.
The infinitive and the gerund
Study two lists of common verbs. The ones in the first list always take the infinitive and those in the second always take the gerund.
Infinitive: manage, pretend, offer, promise, hope, plan.
Gerund: succeed in, consider, deny, look forward to, avoid, risk
Ex2
Now use one of these verbs in the correct form to complete each of the following sentences.
1. She finally……to escape by stealing a key. 2. He…….to carry the old man’s suitcase. 3. I’ve never been to France before. I’m…. going there next year. 4. They ….reaching the frontier the following day. 5. She realized that she……breaking a leg if she jumped from the window, but she knew there was no other choice. 6. Her mother made her…….to write home every week. 7. It was nice to see you. I………to see you again soon. 8. When he gets out of prison, he…….to travel. 10. He ……..stealing the car, although a witness saw him. 11. Give up smoking if you want to…….getting a cough. 12. He…….to be asleep, but in fact he heard everything they said.
Ex.3
Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets (the infinitive or the gerund)
I’d prefer (go)…..to the theatre tonight, rather than the cinema.
Jane hasn’t gone on holiday yet. I remember (see)…….her yesterday evening.
We all helped (do)…..the shopping.
I’d advise you (get)……your hair cut before (go)…….for such a very important interview.
I’m tired of (sit)……..here (do)…….nothing.
I had no money, so I had no choice but (sell)…..my car.
I won’t allow you (talk)……to me like that!
I heard her (speak)…….. to someone on the phone.