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Independent Schools

About seven per cent of pupils in England attend independent schools, of which there are around 2,270. In Scotland, around four per cent of pupils go to independent schools, of which there are around 114. Independent schools are not funded by the state and obtain most of their finances from fees paid by parents and income from investments. Some of the larger independent schools are known as public schools. Most boarding schools are independent schools and look after their own day-to-day affairs. However, they are subject to inspection to ensure they maintain acceptable standards of premises, accommodation and instruction.

The School Curriculum

All state schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland must conform to the National Curricula. These set out what subjects pupils should study, what they should be taught and what standards they should achieve. They ensure that pupils cover a broad and balanced range of subjects that helps them to develop the qualities and skills needed in adult and working; life.

The period of compulsory education is divided into four key stages, depending on pupil age:

Key Stage 1 – Pupils aged 5 to 7

Key Stage 2 - Pupils aged 7 to 11

Key Stage 3 - Pupils aged 11 to 14

Key Stage 4 - Pupils aged 14 to 16

Pupils at Key Stages 1 and 2 study English, mathematics, science, design and technology, history, geography, art, music and physical education; at Key Stage 3 they study all these subjects plus a modern foreign language. Pupils at Key Stage 4 must study English, mathematics, science, physical education, technology and a modern foreign language; this gives pupils more choice and the opportunity to pursue further vocational courses if they wish.

For each subject, at each key stage, Programmes of Study set out what pupils should be taught with Attainment Targets setting out the expected standards of pupils’ performance.

From September 1998 the primary curriculum in England and Wales will be modified to allow schools to concentrate on the teaching of literacy and numeracy. The other key stage subjects will continue to be taught.

In Wales, the teaching of Welsh is part of the curriculum. In Northern Ireland the curriculum is made up of religious education and six broad areas of study: English, mathematics, science and technology, environment, society and creative studies. It also includes six compulsory cross-curricular themes: education for mutual understanding, cultural heritage, health education, information technology, economic awareness and careers education.

In Scotland the curriculum in state schools is not prescribed by statute. Instead, the Secretary of State issues national advice and guidance to schools and Scottish Local Authorities. Under the 5-14 Development Programme pupils aged between five and 14 study a broad and balanced curriculum based on the national guidelines which set out the aims of study, the ground to be covered and the way that pupils' learning should be assessed and reported.

The key aims of the programme are to achieve breadth, balance, coherence, continuity and progression for all pupils. Pupils aged between 14 and 16 in Scotland generally study for Standard Grade examinations and may also take National Certificates in vocational subjects.

Religious Education

Religions education in schools is not prescribed nationally as part of the curriculum, but is decided locally. Most schools provide religious education in accordance with locally agreed syllabuses. These are required to reflect that religions traditions in Britain are in the main Christian while taking account of the teaching of the ether principal religions represented in Britain. Agreed syllabuses should be non-denominational and should not try to convert pupils, or to urge a particular religion on pupils. All parents have the right to withdraw their child wholly or partly from religious education and schools must agree to any such request.

Assessment

England, Wales and Northern Ireland

The Government intends to introduce baseline assessments of pupils when they enter primary school. This will be followed by regular assessment and testing of pupils in schools to act as a check on their progress under the National Curriculum and will help teachers to be better informed on areas of weaknesses. Towards the end of each of the first three key stages children are assessed in the core subjects of English, mathematics and science against the attainment targets through teacher assessments and nationally designed tests. At the end of Key Stage 4, pupils take GCSE examinations.

Scotland

There is no national system of baseline assessment in Scottish schools. The 5-14 Development Programme includes provision Тог teachers to undertake regular assessment of pupils in schools to confirm progression through the five levels (A-E) of the Programme and identify and deal with any weaknesses. In English and mathematics pupils sit national tests when teachers consider that they have achieved each of the five levels of the Programme.

Do the following exercises

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