- •Introduction ... ........ ......... .......N. V
- •Introduction
- •1. What counts as a word? Define the status of the given lexical items and comment on the types of naming. Consult the re -commended dictionaries:
- •Give spelling variants of the same words (morphological variants, regional variants).
- •Read the excerpt and answer the questions.
- •Etymological characteristics of the english lexicon
- •1. Trace the etymology and comment on the etymological
- •2. State the languages from which the following words are borrowed:
- •3. Make sure you know the following abbreviations used in the Concise Oxford Dictionary (cod):
- •4. Match the etymological doublets:
- •5. Give adjectives of Latin origin to the following nouns:
- •1. Group the following words into motivated/non-motivated and define the type of motivation:
- •Define polysemy as a linguistic phenomenon.
- •Give working definitions of the key terms with examples.
- •Comment on the semantic processes that were at work in the following words:
- •6. Comment on the types of meaning (metaphoric/ me-tonymic) in the following items:
- •Of english words
- •3. Compare the inner form of the correlative units and focus on the degree of their semantic equivalence:
- •4. Explain the meanings of the following word-combinations:
- •Stylistic and social stratification of the english lexicon
- •1. Read the excerpt and dwell on the influence the two varieties (British and American) have had on each other. American and british english
- •2. Give the American spelling of the following words and de- scribe the main patterns of spelling differences between the two variants (use dictionaries):
- •International Encyclopedia of Linguistics / Ed. By w. Bright. New York; Oxford, 1992. Vol. 1-4.
- •Ways of enriching and expanding the english lexicon
- •1. Classify the words given below according to the word- formation types:
- •1. Pay attention to some widely used abbreviations:
- •Compare the dictionary entries in synchronic and diachronic dictionaries (sod, cod, oald).
- •Characterize the dictionaries you work with according to the model:
- •Manuals of lexicology
- •Encyclopedias of language
- •Тамара Николаевна Суша лексикология английского языка Практикум Учебно-методическое пособие
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ
БЕЛАРУСЬ
МИНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
Т. Н. Суша
Лексикология
английского языка
Практикум
на английском языке
Рекомендовано Научно-методическим центром
учебной книги и средств обучения Министерства образования Республики Беларусь в качестве учебно-методического пособия для студентов специальности „Современные иностранные языки" высших учебных заведений
Минск 2GC1
УДК 802.0-3 БВК 81.2Аи
С917
Рецензенты: кафедра теории и практики перевода (английский язык) Института предпринимательской деятельности; ЛМ. Лещееа, доктор филологических наук, зав. кафедрой (Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь)
Рекомендовано Советом Минского государственного лингвистического университета
Суша Т.Н.
С917 Лексикология английского языка. Практикум: Учеб.-метод, пособие / На англ. языке; Минск, гос. лингв, ун-т. - Ми., 2001. - 62 с.
Пособие знакомит студентов с детально рвзработаяньгми планами семинарских занятий по основным темам курса лексикологии английского языка. Каждая тема включает перечень проблем, вопросы для обсуждения, заданна н уп-ражненмя, основную и дополнительную литературу. Относительная автономность разделов н тем позволяет вносить необходимые изменения в рекомендованную последовательность изучения и количество часов.
Предназначено для студентов факультетов иностранных языков вузов.
УДК 802.0-3 ББК «1.2Ан
©Т.Н. Суша, 2001
CONTENTS
1 r^fiicc >>> 4
Introduction ... ........ ......... .......N. V
Seminar Outlines
Etymological Characteristics of the English Lexicon 14
Word Meaning...... . 18
Polysemy 22
Homonymy.... ■• •■•...••IX 1. •« 27
Semantic and Non-semantic Classifications
of English Words .................. . . 31
Phraseological Units... .. ............. a. ■■•••■■>.<•<•-..• ...... ...... 35
Stylistic and Social Stratification of the English
Lexicon.. 41
Regional Varieties of the English Language: Lexical Differences
Ways of Enriching and Expanding the English
Lexicon •-<•.•■.<■... Jm
British and American Lexicography........ 55
Recommended Reading.. 60
PREFACE
The present manual is compiled to meet the needs of students taking a course inEnglish Lexicology, one of the basic linguistic courses in the University Curriculum. The manual presents a practical aid for students in their preparation for seminars and the examination in English lexicology.
The aim of the manual is to draw the students' attention to some of the main points of the topics discussed, to develop skills of lexicological analysis of the language material and to outline recommended reading.
The manual is compiled in conformity with the Lexicology Syllabus (Теория английского языка. Раздел 3. Лексикология английского языка Программа по специальности Г.02.05. - Современные иностранные языки; П.02.07. - Английский язык. Мн., 2000).
The contents and the structure of the manual are determined by the purpose formulated above.
The manual consists of the following parts: Introduction Seminar Outlines Recommended Reading
In the I n t г о d u с t i о n the major lexicological topics discussed in the course are outlined.
The main body of the manual is constituted by seminar outlines. They are structured as follows:
Topics for Discussion
Key Terms
Tasks and Exercises
Questions
Recommended Reading and Dictionaries.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my colleagues of the Department of English Lexicology who read the draft version of the manual and encouraged me to present the materials in the form of a book. I am especially indebted to Professor Irina Tokareva.
I am thankful to the reviewers of the manuscript, Professor Lyudmila Lcshchova and Professor Yacov Vovshin, for their valuable suggestions. I also thank visiting lecturers of MSLU Brian Blackwell, Caroline Linse, and Brendan Weston for verbal comments.
I am grateful to Olga Petrova and Dmitry Sologubov whose assistance in typing the manuscript greatly facilitated the publication.
T. Susha
Introduction
The following topics are considered in the course of E n g 1 i s h Lexicology:
Lexicology as a branch of linguistics.
Lexical units. The notion of lexeme.
General characteristics of the English lexicon.
Etymological characteristics of the English lexicon.
Word meaning. Approaches to meaning. 6.' Types of meaning.
Word meaning and motivation.
Semantic change in English.
Polysemy.
Homonymy.
Types of semantic relations in the lexicon.
Semantic and non-semantic classifications of English words.
The structure of English words. Principles of morphemic analysis. Morphemic types of words in English.
Principles and basic notions of derivational analysis. Derivational types of words in English.
Affixation.
Conversion.
Compounding.
Abbreviation. Other ways of word creation.
Word-groups. Colligation and collocation.
Phraseological units.
The stylistic and social stratification of the English lexicon.
Regional varieties of the English language: Lexical differences.
Ways of Enriching and Expanding the English lexicon.
British and American lexicography.
Methods and procedures of lexicological research.
For more details see: Теория английского языка. Программа по специальности Г.02.05. - Современные иностранные языки; П.02.07. - Английский язык. Мн., 2000.
At present the course in English Lexicology comprises five 2-hour lectures and ten 2-hour seminars. They are arranged as shown in Table 1 (Lectures and Seminars). If the lecturer adopts a different plan of study, he may change the amount of hours or the order of the topics to suit his plan of lectures and seminars. The tasks, exercises, and questions suggested in the manual may be extended and modified by the teacher.
The topics "The Structure of English words", "English word-formation", "Affixation", "Conversion", "Compounding", "Abbreviation ", and "Other ways of word creation" will be presented in the form of a workbook under the title English Word-Formation.
The topics which are not reflected in Table 1 are meant for independent study.
In preparing this manual the author has tried to take into account the latest achievements and publications in linguistic science in the field of lexicology.
For a detailed discussion of the topics/problems given above manuals of lexicology are recommended (see Recommended Reading, p. 55). In addition every seminar outline is supplied with linguistic literature for further reading, in which account is taken of what is available in the library of the University.
Every branch of learning is characterized by its key terms. In seeking guidance about the basic lexicological concepts and terms students are referred to Encyclopedias of Language and Dictionaries of Linguistic Terms (seep.56).
L ectures and Seminars
SEMINAR OUTLINES
LEXICAL UNITS
Topics for Discussion
Lexicology as a branch of linguistics.
Lexicology and its links with other branches of linguistics. The theoretical and practical value of lexicology.
Lexical naming. Types of lexical naming. (General overview.)
The word as the basic lexical unit. The problem of the word in English. Word variants.
The concept of lexeme.
The size of the English lexicon.
The size of a person's lexicon.
mental
lexicon morpheme
derivational
morpheme naming
lexical
naming phraseological unit ready-made unit set expression/phrase
two-faceted unit vocabulary word
word-group
word stock word variants
Key Terms
lexeme
lexical item/unit lexical system lexicalization lexicology
cognitive lexicology
contrastive lexicology
descriptive lexicology
diachronic/historical lexicology
general lexicology
special lexicology
synchronic lexicology lexicon lexis
Tasks and Exercises