4.Историческое развитие языка с позиции разных уровней языка

Linguistic changes are usually slow & gradual unlike human society language undergoes no revolutions or sudden brakes. The slow raid of linguistic change is seen in the gradual spread of new features in language space. It’s important to note that different parts of the language develop at different parts of language develop at different rate. It is open said that a vocabulary of a language can change very rapidly. This is true only if we compare lexical changes with other linguistic levels. Lexical changes are quite conspicuous & easy to observe. The system of phoneme can be suggested to sudden or rapid changes since it must preserve the oppositions between the phonemes required for the distinctions of morphemes. Sometimes phonetic changes effect a whole set of sounds(group of vowels or consonants) the grammatical system is very slow to change. Being the most abstract of linguistic levels it must provide stable formal devises for arranging words into classes & for сonnecting them into phrases & sentences.

From comparing the state of linguistic units before or after a change one can determine the nature of a change, defined its type & direction. The forms can be similar in meaning but slightly different in form. In the same way new meaning may arise in the existing words or form in addition to their main meaning. Synchronic variation is to be found in every language, at every stage of its history. It is caused by 2 main factors: 1) functional differentiation of language; 2) tendencies of historical development. Language is heterogeneous system. It’s system of imegerable complicity. The rage of synchronic variation largely depends on the distinction of the main functional varieties & also on variable use of the language in different conditions of communications of varial social groups & in individual forms of speech.

At every period of history language offers a wide choice of expressive means to the speaker. From this stock consciously or unconsciously the speaker select forms of expression suitable in the given situation. In making this choice he observes the speech habits of his social group or employees forms of expression current in other varieties of the language, sometimes he creates new expressive means(phrases, words etc.) in accordance with productive historical tendenses.

Causes of Language Revolution.

The causes or moving factories of language history have always attracted the attention of linguists & have given rise to various explanations & theories. In the earlier 19th century philologists of the romantic trend Herder & Grimm interpreted the history of Indo-European & especially the Germanic languages as decline & degradations. Most of this languages have been loosing their richness of grammatical form.

Like any movement in nature & society the evolution of language is caused by the stage of opposites.

2 main forces: 1) growing & changing needs of men in the speed community

2) the resistance force that curbs the changes & preserves the language in a state, fit for communication

the most widely excepted classification of factors relevant to language history divide them into external or extra linguistic & internal also intro linguistic or systemic. External factors increase variety of conditions сonnected with different aspects of human life.( physiological aspects) also political or economic unity, geographical area, literature, etc. Internal factors of language evolution arise from the language system:1) general factors(in all languages) 2)specific factors( operating in 1 language or in a group of related languages).