Тема № 7 supply and demand Спрос и предложение

1. Demand curve (кривая спроса) - a curve describing the quantities of a good a consumer is willing and able to buy at alternative prices in a given time period.

2. Supply curve (кривая предложения) - a graphical depiction of a supply schedule. It shows how the quantity supplied of some product during a specified period of time will change as the price of that product changes, holding all other determinants of quantity supplied constant.

3. Shift in demand (изменения в спросе) - a change in the quantity demanded at any (every) given price.

4. Supply schedule (график предложения) - a table showing how the quantity supplied of some product during a specified period of time changes as the price of that product changes, holding all other determinants of quantity supplied constant.

5. Demand schedule (график спроса) - a table showing how the quantity demanded of some product during a specified period of time changes as the price of that product changes, holding all other determinants of quantity demanded constant.

6. Market demand (рыночный спрос) - the total quantities of a good or service people are willing and able to buy at alternative prices in a given time period, the sum of individual demands.

7. Market demand curve (кривая рыночного спроса) - the sum of all the individual demand curves for a good.

8. Aggregate demand (совокупный спрос) - the total value of goods and services demanded in the economy; measured at some specified price level.

9. Market supply (рыночное предложение) - the total quantities of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell at alternative prices in a given time period, the sum of individual supplies.

10. Market supply curve (кривая рыночного предложения) - indicates the combined sales intentions of all market participants.

11. Market surplus (рыночный избыток) - the amount by which the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded at a given price; excess supply.

12. Aggregate supply (совокупное предложение) - the total value of all goods & services supplied in an economy, measured at some specified price level.

13. Market shortage (рыночный дефицит) - the amount by which the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at a given price; excess demand.

14. Quantity demanded (величина спроса) – the number of units that consumers want to buy over a specific period of time.

15. Quantity supplied (величина предложения) – the number of units that sellers want to sell over a specific period of time.

16. Market mechanism (рыночный механизм) - the use of market prices and sales to signal desired outputs (or resource allocations)

17. Market failure (рыночный сбой) - an imperfection in the market mechanism that prevents optimal outcomes.

18. Market power (рыночная сила) - the ability to alter the market price of a good or service.

19. Market equilibrium (рыночное равновесие) - equilibrium established at the price where the quantity of the good buyers demand and purchase is just equal to the quantity suppliers supply and sell.

20. Market share (доля рынка) - the percentage of total market output produced by a single firm.

21. Equilibrium price (равновесная цена) - the price at which the quantity of a good demanded in a given time period equals the quantity supplied.

22. Equilibrium quantity (равновесное количество) - quantity of the good supplied and demanded at the point of market equilibrium.

23. Aggregate equilibrium (совокупное равновесие) - it exists when total demand for output equals the current value of output.

24. Price ceiling (ценовой потолок) - upper limit imposed on the price of a good.

25. Price floor (нижний предел цены) - lower limit imposed on the price of a good.

26. Price fixing (установление цен) - explicit agreements among producers regarding the price(s) at which a good is to be sold.

27. Price leadership (ценовое лидерство) - an oligopolistic pricing pattern that allows one firm to establish the (market) price for all firms in the industry.

28. Utility (полезность) - the pleasure or satisfaction obtained from a good or service.

29. Total utility (общая полезность) - the amount of satisfaction obtained from entire consumption of a product.

30. Marginal utility (предельная полезность) - the change in total utility obtained from an additional (marginal) unit of a good or service consumed.

31. Price elasticity of demand (ценовая эластичность спроса) - the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.

32. Income elasticity of demand (эластичность спроса по доходу) – the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by percentage change in income.

33. Cross-price elasticity (перекрестная эластичность) – the percentage change in the quantity demanded of X divided by percentage change in price of Y.

34. Cross elasticity of demand (перекрестная эластичность спроса) – the cross elasticity of demand of product X to a change in the price of another product Y, is the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded of X to the percentage change in the price of Y that brings about the change in quantity demanded.

35. Total revenue (общий доход) - the price of a product multiplied by the quantity sold in a given time period.

36. Marginal rate of substitution (предельная норма замещения) - the rate at which a consumer is willing to exchange one good for another, the relative marginal utilities of two goods.

37. Profit per unit (прибыль на единицу продукции) - total profit divided by the quantity produced in a given time period; price minus average total cost.

38. Elastic demand (эластичный спрос) - coefficient of elasticity is greater than 1.

39. Elasticity of demand (эластичность спроса) - degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price.

40. Elasticity of supply (эластичность предложения) - degree of responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price.

41. Elastic supply (эластичное предложение) - coefficient of elasticity is greater than 1.

42. Inelastic demand (неэластичный спрос) - coefficient of elasticity is less than 1.

43. Inelastic supply (неэластичное предложение) - coefficient of elasticity is less than 1.

44. Coefficient of elasticity (коэффициент эластичности) – the number obtained by dividing the percentage change in quantity by the percentage change in price.

45. Price (цена) - the exchange value of a product or resource; the amount paid for a specified quantity and quality of any good and service, including factor services.