- •KAzan federal univeRsIty Essential English for Biology Students kazan
- •The Content
- •Init IV. Inheritance 67
- •Unit I. What is biology?
- •Text 1.1 The Characteristics Of Life
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could
- •IV. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •IX. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •X. Food for thought:
- •XI. Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •Text 1.2. What Do Biologists Do?
- •I. Quick check
- •II. Find synonyms among the pool of words:
- •IV. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary.
- •IX. Food for thought.
- •X. Traslate into English using all the active possible
- •XI. Prepare a short presentation to answer the question:
- •XII. Write a letter to your tutor telling him or her which areas of Biology you would like to specialize in and why. Use these notes to help you.
- •XIII. Prepare a short presentation to answer the question:
- •Unit II. Сell
- •Text 2.1 Cell Theory
- •A typical animal cell
- •A typical plant cell
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VI. Give Russian equivalents to the following English terms:
- •VII. Find synonyms among the pool of words:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •Text 2.2. Introduction To Cell Division
- •Chromosomes form homologous pairs
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •Text 2.3. Microscopes
- •Magnification and resolution
- •The transmission electron microscope
- •The scanning electron microscope
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •IX. Match the sentence halves. Make complete centences:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Unit III. Molecular biology of the gene
- •Text 3.1. Dna Structure
- •In summary
- •I. Quick check
- •II. Fill in the missing words:
- •III. Use a monolingual English dictionary and give the definitions of the words below:
- •IV. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •V. Suggest Russian equivalents for the following word combinations
- •VI. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •VIII. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •IX. Food for thought:
- •X.Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •Text 3.2 Chromosomes
- •V. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •VI. Read and translate the short text without a dictionary:
- •VII. Food for thought:
- •VIII. Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •IX. Use a monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •X. Read the text and render it in English:
- •XI. Prepare a short presentation reflecting the following issues:
- •Init IV. Inheritance
- •Text 4.1. Variation
- •I.Quick check
- •II. Using a monolingual English dictionary define the following genetic terms:
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •V. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •VI. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •VII. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •VIII. Food for thought:
- •IX.Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •X. Meet essential targets reflecting the following issues:
- •Text 4.2. Down's Syndrome And Genetic Screening
- •Down's syndrome: trisomy 21
- •V. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •VIII. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •X. Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •XI. Meet essential targets reflecting the following issues:
- •Unit V. Nervous and hormonal coordination
- •Text 5.1. Nerves And Hormones
- •I. Quick check
- •II. Using monolingual English dictionary write down what the words below mean:
- •V. Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •VI. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •VIII. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations and make up sentences with them:
- •IX. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary
- •X. Food for thought.
- •XI. Prepare a short presentation on 2 or 3 glands reflecting the following issues:
- •Text 5.2. Setting up a nerve impulse
- •Investigating nerve impulses
- •Ion channels and action potentials
- •I. Quick check
- •II. Using monolingual English dictionary write down what the words below mean:
- •V. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •VI. Translate into English using all the active possible:
- •VIII. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Text 6.2. Natural Selection
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Text 6.3. Artificial Selection
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Text 6.4. Human Evolution: Primate Ancestors
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •IV. Match these words with their definitions:
- •V. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •VI. Give Russian equivalents to the following English terms:
- •VII. Find synonyms among the pool of words:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •IX. Match the sentence halves. Make complete sentences:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Unit VII. Photosynthesis
- •Text 7.1. Photosynthesis: An Overview
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Text 7.2 Factors Affecting The Rate Of Photosynthesis
- •I. Quick check:
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Text 7.3. Photosynthesis In Different Climates
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •XI. Food for thought:
- •Unit VIII. Structure and transport in plants
- •Text 8.1 The Leaf
- •I. Quick check
- •II. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •VIII. Match the sentence halves. Make complete sentences.
- •IX. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before.
- •X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary.
- •XI. Food for thought
- •XII. Translate into English using all the active possible.
- •Text 8.2. The Stem
- •I. Quick check
- •III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
- •IV. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
- •IX. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
- •X. Food for thought:
- •XI. Translate into English using all the active possible.
- •Supplementary reading Texts for Reading, Retelling and Discussing
- •Extract from a lecture about immunization
- •Quick check:
- •Griffith's experiment: transformation of pneumococci.
- •Quick check:
- •Quick check:
- •Quick check:
- •Suggested Answers and Solutions
- •Glossary of Biological Terms
- •Appendices
- •Book Presentation (Useful Language)
- •Phrases to Be Used in Discussion
- •References – Список использованной литературы
- •Web – Resources and Support Web links to some useful and helpful resources:
A typical plant cell
Like an animal cell, a typical plant cell has a cell surface membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus. However, plant cells differ from animal cells in several ways:
most plant cells have a large sap-filled cavity called the vacuole. Sap is a watery fluid containing salts and sugars. The vacuole surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.
the cytoplasm contains starch grains, the food storage products of plants
many plant cells have chloroplasts in the cytoplasm. These contain the pigments used in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll, which is green, is the main pigment. Chloroplasts occur only in the parts of plants exposed to light – the green parts. They are absent from underground structures such as roots.
■ Glossary of essential terms for you to know
|
№ |
English term |
Russian equivalent |
|
1 |
cork |
пробка |
|
2 |
honeycomb |
соты пчелиные |
|
3 |
cell |
клетка |
|
4 |
to embody |
воплощать, олицетворять |
|
5 |
to enclose |
окружать |
|
6 |
contents |
содержимое |
|
7 |
surface |
поверхность |
|
8 |
membrane |
мембрана |
|
9 |
nucleus |
ядро |
|
10 |
to surround |
окружать |
|
11 |
cytoplasm |
цитоплазма |
|
12 |
fibrous |
волокнистый, фиброзный |
|
13 |
division |
деление |
|
14 |
to scatter |
разбрасывать, рассыпать |
|
15 |
to supply |
обеспечивать, снабжать |
|
16 |
storage |
хранение |
|
17 sap |
сок растения |
|
|
18 |
cavity |
полость |
|
19 |
starch |
крахмал |
|
20 |
root |
корень |
|
21 |
compound |
сложный |
|
22 |
to observe |
наблюдать |
|
23 |
to examine |
исследовать |
|
24 |
feature |
черта |
|
25 |
suitable |
подходящий |
|
26 |
existence |
существование |
|
27 |
fluid |
жидкость |
|
28 |
grain |
зерно |
■ Your Essential Assignments
I. Quick check
1. Briefly state the main concept of the cell theory.
2. List the features:
a) that only animal cells have
b) that only plant cells have
c) that both animal and plant cells have.
II. Fill in the missing words:
|
Term (verb) |
Noun |
Adjective |
|
exist |
....... |
....... |
|
store |
....... |
....... |
|
form |
....... |
....... |
|
divide |
....... |
....... |
|
act |
....... |
....... |
|
suit |
....... |
....... |
|
differ |
….. |
…… |
III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
surface, honeycomb, cavity, plant, sap.
IV. Match these words with their definitions:
|
1. |
cell |
A. |
a scientific instrument that makes extremely small things look larger |
|
2. |
to observe |
B. |
the amount of a substance that is contained in something |
|
3. |
microscope |
C. |
the contents consist of a central ball-shaped nucleus surrounded by material |
|
4. |
metabolism |
D. |
parts of plants that can you eat but cannot digest, which help food to move quickly through your body |
|
5. |
independent |
E. |
the central part of an atom, made up of neutrons, protons, and other elementary particles |
|
6. |
contents |
F. |
to watch something or someone carefully |
|
7. |
nucleus |
G. |
in something |
|
8. |
cytoplasm |
H. |
the act of keeping or putting something in a special place while is not being used |
|
9. |
fibre |
I. |
the chemical reactions of life |
|
10. |
inside |
J. |
existing separately and not connecting with or influenced by any others |
|
11. |
storage |
K. |
the green-coloured substance in plants |
|
12. |
chlorophyll |
L. the smallest part of a living thing that can exist independently |
|
V. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
|
№ |
Russian term |
English equivalent |
|
1. |
ученый и изобретатель |
|
|
2. |
слишком маленький, чтобы увидеть невооруженным глазом |
|
|
3. |
сделаны из клеток |
|
|
4. |
живые организмы |
|
|
5. |
деление существующих клеток |
|
|
6. |
наследственная информация |
|
|
7. |
подходящие условия |
|
|
8. |
окружает содержимое клетки |
|
|
9. |
во время деления клетки |
|
|
10 |
снабжать энергией |
|
|
11 |
отличаться от ч.-л. |
|
|
12 |
содержать соли и сахара |
|
|
13 |
быть окруженным мембраной |
|
|
пигменты, используемые в фотосинтезе 14 |
|
|