XII. Write a letter to your tutor telling him or her which areas of Biology you would like to specialize in and why. Use these notes to help you.
Dear Mr / Mrs (tutor’s surname),
Writing to tell you choices I have made
Specialize in (one or two of the main areas)
Reasons for choosing: interested in (plants / animals / latest ideas /
laboratory work / your own ideas)
Possible career choices: what I hope to do when I graduate
(medicine / ecology / agriculture / your own idea)
Offer to meet and discuss choices: I would like your advice and hope
we can …….
Yours sincerely,
(your full name: first name + surname)
Write 100 – 140 words.
XIII. Prepare a short presentation to answer the question:
‘What is the scientific method?’
Talk about:
What is the essential aspect of a scientific experiment?
What is constantly changed in an experiment?
What is to be done at the end of an experiment?
Unit II. Сell
Text 2.1 Cell Theory
■ Essential targets
By the end of this text you should be able to:
● describe the main ideas of the cell theory
● compare the structures of animal and plant cells
as seen with a light microscope.
Pre-reading
■ With a partner consider the following questions and try to answer them. Then quickly scan the text to check your answers.
What is a cell?
Who discovered cells?
Do plant cells differ from animal cells?
■ Read the given text and make your essential assignments:
Cells were discovered in 1665 by the English scientist and inventor Robert Hooke. Hooke designed his own compound light microscope to observe structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. Among the first structures he examined was a thin piece of cork (the outer surface of bark from a tree). Hooke described the cork as being made of hundreds of little boxes, giving it the appearance of a honeycomb. He called these little boxes cells. It soon became clear that virtually all living things are made of cells, and that these cells have certain features in common.
The cell theory
The concept that cells are the basic units of life became embodied in a theory called the cell theory, which embraces the following main ideas:
cells form the building blocks of living organisms
cells arise only by the division of existing cells
cells contain inherited information which controls their activities
the cell is the functioning unit of life; metabolism (the chemical reactions of life) takes place in cells
given suitable conditions, cells are capable of independent existence.
A typical animal cell
The structure of a typical animal cell:
the cell has a cell surface membrane which encloses the cell contents
the contents consist of a central ball-shaped nucleus surrounded by material called cytoplasm
the nucleus contains a fibrous material called chromatin
this condenses to form chromosomes during cell division
chromatin contains DNA, the material which controls the various activities inside the cell
scattered within the cytoplasm are mitochondria, small rod-like structures. They have been described as the “power-houses” of the cell because they supply energy.
smaller dots within the cytoplasm are particles of stored food. Many consist of glycogen, which is a food storage polysaccharide.