- •I am in the army. I carry a gun. – I am a soldier. We study at a University. – We are students.
- •Is your brother a student? (an engineer) - No, he isn’t. He is an engineer.
- •It is necessary for students to work hard to pass their exams.
- •Quantifiers: few, a few, little, a little, many, much, a lot of, plenty of
- •Volgograd State Medical University
- •Unit 4 Training of Social Workers in the United States and United Kingdom
- •Requirements for Admission to Clinical Psychology Training
- •Skills & knowledge
- •Personal Qualities
- •Unit 5 Ways of Coping with Stress
- •Is performing
- •Isn’t performing
- •Reading and Speech Practice Task 15. A. Recall any situations when you were stressed. Answer the following questions:
- •Emotional Stress: How Chronic Emotional Stress Can Ruin Your Health
- •Task 18. Here are the answers to some questions about the text. What are the questions?
- •I think … is useful/helpful when dealing with stress as it…
- •I think …is useless when dealing with stress since it…
- •I don’t think … is useful/helpful when dealing with stress as it...
- •I don’t think there is any use in … since it…
- •Unit 6 Social Maturity
- •Reading and Speech Practice
- •Social Maturity
- •Reading and Speech Practice
- •Value system
- •Personality Development
- •Can / could
- •May / might
- •Reading and Speech Practice
- •I quite agree with you…
- •I don’t agree/disagree with you…
- •I am afraid you wrong…
- •21. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
- •Unit 9 Description of Clinical Psychology
- •Should and ought
- •Reading and Speech Practice
- •6. Pick out types of psychological problems mentioned in the text (paragraph 1). Match them to the descriptions below:
- •Psychological Scales
- •It is the clinical psychologist who/that diagnoses psychological problems.
- •Unit 10 Domains of Clinical Psychology Passive Voice: Simple Tenses
- •Unit 11 Child and adolescent clinical psychology: Conduct Disorder
- •Is being interviewed
- •Unit 12 Child Abuse
- •Unit 13
- •Reading and Speech Practice
- •Unit 14
- •Unit 15
- •Methods of Research
- •Jean Piaget
- •Unit 16 Psychological Therapies
- •Reading and Speech Practice
- •Psychologists’ Approaches
- •Interpersonal 8%
- •Vignette 1.
- •Vignette 2
- •Psychoanalytic therapy session
- •Unit 16
- •Verbal Communication
- •Reading and Speech Practice
- •1) A social worker and a client who is poor;
- •Unit 17 Clinical Psychology in Russia
- •Psychology around the world
- •1. Какие отличия в изменении веса наблюдаются у женщин и мужчин по мере старения?
- •1. На что были направлены реформы, проведенные Филлипом Пинелем в психиатрических лечебницах?
- •1. Каким образом общество реагировало на проблему безумия?
Unit 15
Grammar The Complex Subject
Methods of Research
The goals of research are to describe behaviour, to explain its causes, to predict the circumstances under which certain behaviours may occur again, and to control certain behaviours. Psychologists use various methods or research to accomplish each of these goals.
Naturalistic observation. Researchers need to know how people and animals behave naturally. To obtain such information, a psychologist uses naturalistic observation. The cardinal rule of naturalistic observation is to avoid disturbing the people or animals you are studying by concealing yourself.
Case studies. A case study is an intensive study of a person or group. Most case studies combine long-term observations with diaries, tests, and interviews. Case studies provide a wealth of descriptive material that may generate new hypotheses that researchers can later test.
Surveys. One of the most practical ways to gather data on the attitudes, beliefs, and experiences of large numbers of people is through surveys. A survey may consist of interviews, questionnaires, or a combination of the two.
Longitudinal studies. When conducting longitudinal studies, a psychologist studies the same group of people at regular intervals over a period of years to determine whether their behaviour and/or feelings have changed and if so, how.
Cross-sectional studies. An alternative approach to gathering data is cross-sectional studies. In a cross-sectional study, psychologists organize individuals into groups on the basis of age. Then, these groups are randomly sampled, and the members of each group surveyed, tested, or observed simultaneously.
Correlations and explanations. Sometimes researchers want to examine the relationship between two sets of observations – say, between students’ grades and the number of hours they sleep. Scientists use the word correlation to describe how two sets of data relate to each other. It is important to keep in mind that a correlation describes a relationship between two things. It does not mean that one thing causes the other.
Experiments. Experimentation enables the investigator to control the situation and to decrease the possibility that unnoticed, outside variables will influence the results. Every experiment has a hypothesis, or an educated guess, about the expected outcome. In designing and reporting experiments, psychologists think in terms of variables, conditions and behaviours that are subject to change.
Sometimes an experimenter’s behaviour may unwittingly influence the results. The experimenter may unintentionally raise an eyebrow or nod when posing a question, thus influencing the person being studied. One way to avoid this self-fulfilling prophecy is to use a double-blind technique. Suppose a psychologist wants to study the effects of a particular tranquilizer. She might give the drug to an experimental group and a placebo (a substitute for the drug that has no medical benefits) to a control group. The next step would be to compare their performances on a series of tests. This is a single-blind experiment. The participants are “blind” in the sense that they do not know whether they have received the tranquilizer or the placebo. If neither the participant nor the experimenter knows which participants received the tranquilizer, this is a double-blind experiment.
Exercise. Choose the correct term or concept below to complete the sentence.
a. sample d. single-blind experiment
b. longitudinal study e. double-blind experiment
c. control group f. placebo effect
1. In a(n) ____________, only the participants of the experiment do not know whether they are in the experimental group or the control group.
2. In an experiment, the ___________ includes the participants who are not exposed to experimental variables.
3. The ________ is a change in a patient’s physical state that results from the patient’s perceptions of the treatment.
4. In a(n) ___________, neither the participants nor the experimenter knows whether the participants are in the experimental group or the control group.
5. Researchers generally select a(n) __________, which is a relatively small group of the total population that is being studied.
6. In a (n) _________, a researcher studies a group of people over a period of years.
Key: 1d; 2c; 3f; 4e; 5a; 6
Exercise. Find the information which can help you to answer the questions below in the text.
1. What are two ways that a researcher can avoid a biased sample? 2. When do researchers use naturalistic observation? 3. How does a self-fulfilling prophecy present a problem for researchers? Can you describe the following research procedures - diaries, tests, questionnaires, and interviews?
Exercise. Read the text below and say which research methods Jean Piaget used. Prove your point of view.