III. Answer the questions:

1. What was the main idea of education in the Middle Ages?

2. What subjects were paid much attention to?

3. Who approved the school curriculum and appointed teachers?

4. How were subjects divided in medieval school?

5. What was the learning like in these schools?

6. How many faculties were there in Europe that time? Name them.

7. What were the main forms of studies at universities?

IV. Complete the sentences using the text:

1. The stress was made on … .

2. All curricula should have been … .

3. The subjects were divided into … .

4. Teachers were … .

5. Universities allowed to get … .

6. Main methods of studies were … .

7. Each social class … .

V. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1) valuable citizen a) медичний

2) church b) навчальний план

3) separation c) характерна риса, особливість

4) to approve d) прагнути; намагатися

5) to appoint e) церква

6) peculiarity f) корисний для суспільства громадянин

7) medical g) художній

8) artistic h) затверджувати

9) curriculum i) розділення

10) to aim j) затверджувати (на посаді)

VI. Find the English equivalents for:

середньовіччя, цінності, впливати, релігійний, глибокі знання, юридичний, богословський, диспут, доступний, соціальний рівень, фізичний, середньовічний, збільшувати, брати до уваги, вчити напам’ять, тілесне покарання.

VII. Single out 5 features, which characterise education in the Middle Ages.

VIII. Translate the sentences:

1. Церква дуже впливала на освіту у середньовіччі.

2. У навчальному процесі часто використовувалось тілесне покарання.

3. У школах предмети розділяли на два цикли: трівіум та квадрівіум.

4. На той час у Європі існувало 60 університетів.

5. Християнські цінності були основою навчання у середні віки.

IX. Make up sentences with the terms:

the Middle Ages, to appoint, the Church, curriculum, to approve, corporal punishment, to take into account, religious book, psychical peculiarity, valuable citizen, thorough knowledge.

Text b

I. Read and remember the following words and word-combinations:

landowning nobility – землевласники

fief – феодальний маєток

at the expense of – за рахунок чогось

refined set of manners – витончені манери

courteous knight – ввічливий лицар

chatelaine – господиня маєтку

wet nurse – годувальниця

dry nurse – нянька (але не годувальниця)

to participate – брати участь

prestigious – престижний

horsemanship – мистецтво верхової їзди

armour – лати

sword – меч

lance – спис

to joust – битися на поєдинку (турнірі)

mistress – вчителька

to weave – ткати

to spin – прясти

needlework – шиття; вишивання

exquisite embroidery – вишукана вишивка

tapestry – гобелен

to appreciate – (високо) цінувати; визнавати

II. Read and translate the text using the dictionary: Aristocratic Education in Europe

If a person wants to play an aristocratic role in society, education is very important for him.

The European aristocrats of the Middle Ages were the landowning nobility, who were given fiefs from the king in return for services in war. In the eleventh century and especially in the twelfth, the upper nobility gained power at the expense of the lower and developed a refined set of manners and lifestyle. Court life became the model of good behaviour, and the word “courteous” came into the language.

Aristocratic children were brought up to be courteous knights and chatelaines; every young man learned to handle weapons. Parents made great efforts to organize the education of children by choosing masters, servants and planning marriages and careers. Babies had wet nurses, who fed them, and dry nurses, who took care of them in other ways. Aristocratic parents often had a noble lady who controlled the upbringing of the infants. Royal children could have their own courts governed by noble persons appointed by the king. As soon as they could speak, children were introduced to the adult code of good manners and morality.

The children learned proper table manners along with dancing, singing and playing music. Games were a feature of daily life for both children and adults. Playing chess seems to have been used for educative purposes.

When children were six or seven years old a transition occurred. They continued to progress in the earlier mentioned topics, but the boys got male tutors, who taught them reading and writing as well as some Latin. Only a few nobles continued their studying at the university. Girls also learned to read and write, but their teaching was less formal and intensive. Boys began to participate in the prestigious sport of hunting, where they learned horsemanship and the management of weapons. Between the ages of twelve to fourteen they began the necessary physical training to become knights, learning to wear armour, handle swords and lances, and joust at tournaments. At age of eighteen they entered knighthood. Girls did not learn to fight, but they learned to ride. Mistresses taught the young girls housekeeping and how to sew, weave and spin. Needlework including exquisite embroideries and tapestries was appreciated by aristocratic women all over Europe.