III. Make up a plan of the text.

IV. Translate the paragraph in italics in a written form.

V. Questions for discussion:

1. What component of woman dress has acquired a romantic character?

2. Are gloves the minor accessories of dress?

3. What are the gloves used for?

4. When did Queen Elizabeth set the fashion for wearing gloves?

5. What country is known to be the largest world maker of leather gloves?

6. When were pouches introduced?

7. In what types of bags was leather used extensively?

8. What bags were developed during the period of voluminous skirts and crinoline?

9. When did the chatelaine bag appear?

10. What knowledge is required for manufacturing leather handbags?

VI. Render the text in brief in a written form.

TEXT C

I. Mind the following words and word-combinations:

1. a cloth – тканина

2. a waist – талія

3. a tightly cinched belt – туго стягнутий пояс

4. a trim physique – зразкова тілобудова

5. a pouting chest – грудна клітина, що випинає

II. Listen to the text ‘BELTS’ and decide if the statements are true or false:

1. Belts are traditionally made of fabrics.

2. A belt is a modern invention.

3. Art Nouveau belt buckles are now collector’s items.

4. In the militarian periods, particularly the later half of the 19-th century the belt was strictly a decorative part of the uniform.

5. Men and women rarely wear belts nowadays.

III. Listen to the text again and be ready to answer the questions:

1. What does a belt serve?

2. Have belts been documented for clothing since the Bronze Age?

UNIT XIII

HORSE TACK

TEXT A

I. Read and remember the words and their translation:

1. horse tack – лимарні вироби

2. a saddle – сідло

3. a stirrup – стремено

4. a bridle – вузда, вуздечка

5. a halter – повід, оброть

6. a rein – повід, віжка

7. a bit – мундштук

8. a harness – упряж, шори

9. a martingale – мартингал (частина упряжі)

10. a breastplate – нагрудник, грудний ремінь

II. Read and remember the following phrases:

1. a girth or a cinch – попруга

2. to fasten at the rear of the saddle – застібати поза сідлом

3. to cause the horse pain – шкодити, спричиняти коневі біль

4. the riding discipline – дисципліна верхової їзди

5. to provide stability – забезпечувати рівновагу

6. to get stuck in – добре триматись

7. safety precautions – запобіжні заходи

8. a control measure – засіб правити (кіньми)

9. to keep a horse from – оберігати/утримувати коня від

10. the neck and girth straps intersect – ремінці шиї та попруги перехрещуються

III. Read and translate the following text: Horse tack: saddles, stirrups and martingales

Tack is a term used to describe any of the various equipment and accessories worn by horses in the course of their use as domesticated animals. Saddles, stirrups, bridles, halters, reins, bits, harnesses, martingales, and breastplates are all forms of horse tack. Equipping a horse is often referred to as tacking up.

Saddles are seats for the rider, fastened to the horse's back by means of a girth (English-style riding) or cinch (Western-style), a wide strap that goes around the horse at a point about four inches behind the forelegs. Some western saddles will also have a second strap known as a flank or back cinch that fastens at the rear of the saddle and goes around the widest part of the horse's belly.

It is important that the saddle is comfortable for both the rider and the horse as an improperly fitting saddle may create pressure points on the horse's back muscle and cause the horse pain and can lead to the horse, the rider, or both getting injured.

There are many types of saddles, each specially designed for its given task. Saddles are usually divided into two major categories: "English saddles" and "Western saddles" according to the riding discipline they are used in. Other types of saddles, such as racing saddles, Australian saddles, sidesaddles and endurance saddles do not necessarily fit neatly in either category.

Stirrups are supports for the rider's feet that hang down on either side of the saddle. They provide greater stability for the rider but can have safety concerns due to the potential for rider's feet to get stuck in them. If a rider is thrown from a horse but has a foot caught in the stirrup, they could be dragged if the horse runs away. To minimize this risk, a number of safety precautions are taken. First, most riders wear riding boots with a heel and a smooth sole. Next, some saddles, particularly English saddles, have safety bars that allow a stirrup leather to fall off the saddle if pulled backwards by a falling rider. Other precautions are done with stirrup design itself. Western saddles have wide stirrup treads that make it more difficult for the foot to become trapped. A number of saddle styles incorporate a tapedero, which is covering over the front of the stirrup that keeps the foot from sliding all the way through the stirrup. The English stirrup (or "iron") has several design variations which are either shaped to allow the rider's foot to slip out easily or are closed with a very heavy rubber band. The invention of stirrups was of great historic significance in mounted combat, giving the rider secure foot support while on horseback.

A martingale is a piece of equipment that keeps a horse from raising its head too high. Various styles can be used as a control measure, to prevent the horse from avoiding rider commands by raising its head out of position; or as a safety measure to keep the horse from tossing its head high or hard enough to smack its rider in the face.

Martingales are usually attached to the horse one of two ways. They are either attached to the center chest ring of a breastplate or, if no breastplate is worn, they are attached by two straps, one that goes around the horse's neck, and the other that attaches to the girth, with the martingale itself beginning at the point in the center of the chest where the neck and girth straps intersect.