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- •Учебное пособие по английскому языку для курсантов военных специальностей радиотехнических направлений
- •Введение
- •Unit 1. Grammar Revision Личные местоимения
- •Притяжательные местоимения
- •Глагол to be
- •My University and Future Profession
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 2. Grammar Revision
- •Present
- •Unit 3.
- •The British Army
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 4. Grammar Revision Глагол to do
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 5. Grammar Revision Формы английского глагола
- •Существуют 4 формы глагола.
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 6. Grammar Revision Времена группы Indefinite ( Simple ) действительного залога(Active Voice)
- •History of Radar
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 7. Grammar Revision Времена группы Continuous (Progressive) действительного залога (Active Voice)
- •Radar as a Weapon
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 8. Grammar Revision Времена группы Perfect действительного залога(Active Voice)
- •Radar Components
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 9.
- •Grammar Revision
- •Времена группы Perfect Continuous (Active Voice)
- •(Совершенное длительное время в действительном залоге)
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 10. Grammar Revision Времена группы Indefinite страдательного залога(Passive Voice)
- •Indefinite Passive
- •Communication Satellite
- •Words to be leant
- •Unit 11. Grammar Revision Времена группы Continuous и Perfect в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice)
- •Military Satellites
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 12. Grammar Revision Модальные глаголы
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 13. Grammar Revision Эквиваленты модальных глаголов
- •Ought to
- •Antenna
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 14. Grammar Revision Имя числительное
- •Radar Antenna
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 15. Grammar Revision Повелительное наклонение
- •Radar Receiver (part I)
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 16. Grammar Revision Инфинитив
- •Radar receiver (part II)
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 17. Grammar Revision Герундий
- •Radar Receiver (part III)
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 18. Grammar Revision Причастие
- •Способы перевода причастий на русский язык Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •Optical technology
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 19. Grammar Revision Словообразовательные суффиксы существительных
- •Internet
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 20. Grammar Revision Словообразовательные суффиксы глаголов
- •Cellular Communication History
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 21. Grammar Revision Словообразовательные суффиксы прилагательных и наречий
- •Cellular Communication
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 22. Grammar Revision Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
- •Прилагательные и наречия, образующие степени сравнения не по правилу
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 23. Grammar Revision Сравнительные конструкции
- •Galileo – European Satellite Navigation System
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 24. Grammar Revision Конструкции в страдательном залоге
- •Glonass
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 25.
- •Grammar Revision
- •Условные предложения
- •Способы выражения сказуемого в условных предложениях
- •Союзы, вводящие условные предложения
- •In case – в случае
- •Nanotechnology
- •Words to be learnt
- •Список неправильных глаголов (Irregular Verbs)
- •Indefinite Past Indefinite Participle II Перевод
- •Оглавление (Contents)
Unit 10. Grammar Revision Времена группы Indefinite страдательного залога(Passive Voice)
Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, который совершает действие не сам, а подвергается действию со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол - сказуемое используется в форме страдательного залога.
“Poltava” was written by Pushkin in 1828.
Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II ), т.е III формы смыслового глагола.
Таким образом, при спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется только глагол to be, смысловой же глагол имеет во всех временах одну и ту же форму- Participle II.
Indefinite Passive
Present I am (am not) asked. Am I asked?
He, She, It is (isn’t) asked. Is he asked?
You, We, They are (aren’t) asked. Are you asked?
Past I, He, She, It was (wasn’t) asked. Was he asked?
You, We, They were (weren’t) asked. Were you asked?
Future I, We shall (shan’t) be asked. Shall we be asked?
You, He, She, It will (won’t) be asked. Will you be asked?
Exercise. Измените предложения, заменив форму действительного залога глагола-сказуемого на форму страдательного залога. Полученные предложения запишите в отрицательной и вопросительной форме.
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1. His friend often invites him to international conferences.
2. We shall build a new house next year.
3. Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
Communication Satellite
Пользуясь словарем, найдите и запишите транскрипцию следующих слов. Правильно прочитайте эти слова вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их произношение
Artificial, via, serve, tower, launch, fuel, adjust, cause, power, frequency, mutual, division, assign
Words to be leant
artificial satellite – искусственный спутник
to facilitate – облегчать
via – посредством
relay tower – ретранслятор
low-noise – низкошумный
launch – запуск, запускать
capacity – ёмкость
rotation rate – скорость вращения
solar cell – солнечная батарея
to supply – снабжать, обеспечивать
adjust – настраивать
to offset – возмещать, противостоять
to cause – вызывать, быть причиной, заставлять
reference point – опорная точка
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to complete – составлять, включать в себя
to reduce – уменьшать
power output – выходная мощность
range – диапазон
mutual interference – взаимные помехи
multiplexed – многоканальный
frequency band – полоса пропускания частоты, диапазон частоты
Text
A communication satellite is an artificial satellite placed into orbit around Earth to facilitate communication on Earth. Most long-distance radio communication across land is sent via microwave relay towers. The towers, 30 to 60 m (100 to 200 ft) high, are typically spaced 30 to 50 km (20 to 30 mi) apart, and 100 of them are needed to cross the United States. In effect, a satellite serves as a tall microwave link or a cable, it can interconnect any number of stations that are included within the antenna beams of the satellite rather than simply the two ends of the microwave link. The concept of using a satellite repeater was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke in the October 1945 issue of Wireless World. The development of powerful rockets in the mid-1950s and the simultaneous development of sensitive low-noise receiving equipment made communication satellites a realistic consideration.
The period from 1958 to 1963 was one of experimentation with both active satellites, those electronic instrumentation, and passive satellites, those which simply reflected signals. On Dec. 18, the U.S. Army places Score in a low altitude orbit. It had only one voice cannel and could retransmit messages directly or store them for later playback. On Aug. 1960, NASA launched ECHO, a passive aluminized plastic balloon, 30 m (100 ft) in diameter, into an orbit 1 600 km (1000 mi) above the Earth. In 1962 experiments were conducted on TELSTAR and RELAY, medium-altitude active satellites with the capacity of the television channel or several hundred voice channels. In 1963, SYNCOM 2 became the first
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synchronous satellite with a period matching the Earth’s rotation rate. These satellites proved the concepts and were the later commercial satellite design.
Communication satellites are platform that house radio receivers and their antennas receive signals from the Earth stations, and amplify and pass the signals to a transmitter and antenna, with sufficient power to the amplifiers (about 500 watts in Intelsat IV); fuel to periodically adjust the satellite’s position to offset forces caused by the Sun and Moon; and altitude control equipment to keep the satellites antenna pointed properly at the Earth, using either the Sun, the edge of the Earth, or radio beacon on Earth as a reference point. Telemetry encoders and transmitters measure voltages, currents, temperatures, and other parameters describing the condition of the satellite and transmit this information to Earth. Finally, a structure must house all this equipment. For example, an Intelsat V weighs more than 1 950 kg (4 300 lb).
The major Earth stations that communicate with these satellites typically comprise an antenna about 30 m (100 ft) in diameter, a receiver that is cooled to 14 K in order to reduce its noise, and a radio transmitter with a power output in the range of several hundred to several thousand watts to send signals to the satellite. Smaller Earth stations are also used, but on a more restrictive basis because of their greater demands on satellite capacity.
International and domestic satellites use frequency bands that already heavily used by terrestrial radio relay stations: 5 925 to 6 425 megahertz or MHz (1 hertz = 1 cycle per second) from Earth station to satellite; and 3 700 to 4 200 MHz from satellite to Earth station. Mutual interference is avoided by appropriate location of the Earth stations; for example, they are not located within major telecommunications centers. Some satellite systems operate on the basis of frequency division – each Earth stations is assigned, a different radio frequency on which are multiplexed, or packaged, all of the voice channels carried by that station. Alternatively, speech signals can be converted to digital pulses, and such pulses from the various stations are interleaved in time and amplified in the satellite through a common receiver/transmitter. In order to meet the needs of increased communications traffic, projected at more than 1000 000 circuits in the 1990s, speech will be converted to digital bits, a method already used to a great extent in communications networks.
Additional capacity is obtained by using the same frequency band several times over multiple narrow beams from the satellite, and by extending the
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frequency band to the 11 and 14 GHz region and eventually to other bands. Private business satellites for a wide variety of services are becoming common, and the availability of higher-powered satellites permits smaller antennas for Earth stations, with modest traffic demands. (The range of 12.2 to 12.7 GHz, for example, is already reserved for direct broadcasting to individual users). Satellites are coming into routine use for communications to ships and planes. The trend will be toward higher capacity at lower cost for each circuit. In some areas of the world, satellites can broadcast directly to individual homes.
Задание I. Задайте вопросы и ответьте на них, закончив предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.
A communication satellite is…(where, how, what)
Most long- distance radio communication is sent…(when, why, how)
A satellite serves as…(whose, who, what, how)
Arthur C. Clarke proposed…(why, which, when, what)
The U.S. Army places Score in…(what, when, where)
NASA launched ECHO on…(why, how, when, where)
Communication satellites amplify and pass signals to…(what, where, why, how)
Telemetry encoders and transmitters measure…(who, how, what)
Mutual interference is avoided…(why, who, how, where)
Additional capacity is obtained…(why, when, where, how)
Задание II. Выделите главную мысль каждого абзаца в виде кратких, логичных, своих собственных предложений на английском языке
Задание III. Напишите собственное краткое содержание текста на русском, а затем на английском языке, используя свои предложения по абзацам
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