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Ɋɢɫ. 6.8. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɬɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɨ- ɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɫɯɟɦ ɋɊ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ, ɤɚ- ɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨ- ɰɟɫɫɚ.
6.2.Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
Ⱥɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɝɥɨ- ɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫ- ɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɺ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢ- ɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ (ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɨɦ).
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
ɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ.
Ƚɚɡ
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ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧ- ɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɪɚɡ- ɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɚɛ- ɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ- ɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
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Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɟ
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ 
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɛɟɞɧɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ 
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɚɛ-
ɫɨɪɛɟɪɟ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɟɞ-
ɧɺɧɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ 
ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.9. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ
ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ
ɜɨɛɟɢɯ ɮɚɡɚɯ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɚɯ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɟɪɟ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ
ɜɮɚɡɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸ- ɳɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ, ɨɛɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛ- ɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.10.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ- ɰɢɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪ- ɛɟɧɬɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɚɯ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɛɫɨɪɛ- ɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɟ. ɉɨɜɵ- ɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪ 1 ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ 2. Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
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ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟ- ɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ.
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ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬ |
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ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬ |
Ɋɢɫ. 6.10. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ.
1 – ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪ; 2 – ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɨ- ɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɤɨɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɡ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ ɜ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛ- ɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɤɭɛɟ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞ- ɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɫɵ- ɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɵ. ɋɊ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚ- ɥɚɧɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ- ɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜ ɤɭɛɟ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟ- ɪɚ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪ,
ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɪɢɫ. 6.11).
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ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬ |
Ɋɢɫ. 6.11. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ.
1 – ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪ; 2 – ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ.
Ʉɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ (ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɭ) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɚ- ɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚɫɵ- ɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦ- ɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɜɵɯɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ- ɰɢɹ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ. Ɍɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɭ- ɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟ- ɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨ- ɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ, ɫɨ- ɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ.
ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬ, ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɭɛɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ; ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɤɭɛɟ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ. Ʌɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɧɬɭɪ- ɧɭɸ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ
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ɤɭɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɪɚɫɯɨ- ɞɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɤɭɛɟ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ.
ȼɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ.
6.3. Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ |
ɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ - ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ. |
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ɮɚɡɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɭ |
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Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ |
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Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɟɪɯɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ |
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Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɚɪɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ |
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ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ |
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ɉɨɬɨɤ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɢɡ 5 |
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Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ 5 |
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Ɋɢɫ. 6.12. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ |
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ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨ- |
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ɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.13.
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɪɚɧɟɟ. Ɂɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɬ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɋɊ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɝɚ- ɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɬɜɨɞɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɟɫɤɨɧɞɟɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɮɥɟɝɦɚɬɨɪɟ 5. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɟɮɥɟɝɦɚɬɨɪ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɤɨɧɞɟɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɜ- ɲɢɯɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ɂɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ.
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɫɬɚ- ɧɨɜɤɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ. ɋɤɨɧɞɟɰɢɨɧɢɪɨ- ɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɚɪɵ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ 7, ɚ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɟɧɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨ- ɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɤɭɛɟ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ.
1. Ɂɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɬ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɟ ɨɛɟɫ-
ɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɋɊ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ.
2.Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɬɜɨɞɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɟ ɫɤɨɧ- ɞɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɮɥɟɝɦɚɬɨɪɟ 6.
3.Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɟɮɥɟɝɦɚɬɨɪ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟ- ɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 6.13. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ – ɞɟɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ.
1 – ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪ; 2 – ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ; 3 – ɺɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ; 4 – ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ; 5 – ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪ; 6 – ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ-ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ (ɞɟɮɥɟɝɦɚɬɨɪ); 7 – ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ (ɺɦɤɨɫɬɶ); 8 – ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ 5; 9, 10 – ɧɚɫɨɫɵ.
4.ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɫ- ɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ.
5.ɋɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɩɚɪɵ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
6.ɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɟ ɤɨ- ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ, ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ.
ȼɜɨɞ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ, ɚ
ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ 3.
ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɫɨɪɛɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚ- ɡɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɩ- ɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ. ȼɜɨɞ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨ- ɝɨ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɪ, ɚ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ 3.
6.4.Ⱥɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɩ ɪɢɜ ɧɢɹ.
ɐɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧ- ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ Qy , ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɬɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ. ȼ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ 
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ 
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɜɨɪɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.14. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ Qy ɥɟɝɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɩɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫ- ɬɜɨɪɚ, ɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ T ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ.
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ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢ- ɧɚɦɢ Qy ɢ 'T ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 6.15 –
ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ) ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɤɢ- ɩɹɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟ- ɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ – ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦ- ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 'T . Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɨ- ɞɚ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɤɭ- ɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨ- ɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ- ɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɟ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ- ɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧ- ɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɩɭ- ɬɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ- ɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɚ- ɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚ- ɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɋɊ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ 1 ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɵ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ 2 ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨ- ɠɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ Ɍɧ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ- ɬɭɪɟ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɯɨɞ- ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɝɪɟɸ- ɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ-ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 3. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ 2 ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ, ɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ) ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɜɨ- ɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ.
ɗɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ 4. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɞɚɜ- ɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ, ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
60
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Qɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ. ɍɩɚɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ- ɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɪɟ-
ɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɗɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
ɇɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɡ- ɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɧɨ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟ- ɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨ- ɪɨɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ- ɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɢɫ.
6.16.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɪɟɸɳɢɣ ɩɚɪ ɩɨɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɫ- ɯɨɞɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɩɚ- ɪɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɢɫ- ɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ. ɍɩɚɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ, ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɹ- ɬɨɪ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɭɩɚɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɞ-
ɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
61
62
Ɋɢɫ. 6.15. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
1 – ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ; 2 – ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ; 3 – ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ; 4 – ɛɚɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ.