АВТ_ТПиП (лекции)
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1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫ ɟɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜ ɧɢɹ
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Ɋɢɫ. 1.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ – ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚ- ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ. ɂ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫ- ɬɟɦɵ, ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟ- ɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ-
ɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 1.1) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ:
1.ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ y). ɗɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ. Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ- ɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɞɢɤɬɭɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨ- ɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ y, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɨ- ɞɟɥɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ. ȼɟɤɬɨɪ y ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚ- ɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ.
2.ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ xp (ɢɥɢ u) ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
3.ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟ- ɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɂɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ xɜ ɢɥɢ z. ȼɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ – ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ – ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟɝɭ- ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚ- ɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɪɟɝɭ- ɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ; ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɪɭɛɚɲɤɭ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ; ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡ- ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
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ɧɢɟ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ, ɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟ- ɪɟɧ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ.
ɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɨ- ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɟɲɢɬɶ, ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ (ɨɬ- ɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ) ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɟɥɢ- ɱɢɧ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɋɊ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɧ- ɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚ- ɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɟ- ɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ (ɬɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ): ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɉ) ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ (R(p) = -S1); ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɂ) ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ (R(p) = -S0/p); ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɉɂ) ɡɚɤɨɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (R(p) = -S1 – S0/p) ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨ- ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɉɂȾ) ɡɚɤɨɧ (R(p) = -S1 – S0/p – S2·p). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠ- ɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɱɟɫɬɜ .
ȼ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɋɊ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸ- ɳɢɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨ- ɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ- ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɦɟɬɨɞ ɐɢɝɥɟɪɚ–ɇɢɤɨɥɶɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ; ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.).
ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɋɍ) ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɋɍ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɧɹɥɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɋɊ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨ- ɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɋɊ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨ- ɞɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
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2. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɬɨɦ ɬɢɡ ɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ (ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɷɧɟɪɝɨɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ) ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ- ɧɵɯ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɦɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭ- ɱɚɟ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ) ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟ- ɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɟ- ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ). Ɉɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ, ɡɚɞɚɜɚɟ- ɦɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶ- ɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ.
ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚ- ɪɚɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɝɭ- ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ (ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ) ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧ- ɫɨɜ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.
ȼɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ-
ɦɟɬɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨ- ɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɚ- ɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɨ- ɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ; ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ, ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɫ- ɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɭ- ɳɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚ-
ɹɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɭɸ (ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɭɫ- ɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ.
15
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɬɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ, ɧɨ ɧɟ- ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ (ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ; ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɬ ɩ.). ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ- ɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɋɊ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɝɭ- ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ – ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨ- ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɟɸ- ɳɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ – ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɨɡ- ɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɨ ɨɫ- ɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ.
ȼɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ. ɂɡ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ.
Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ - ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ; ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ; ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ - ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ.
ɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨ- ɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɋɊ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɟ- ɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɷɮɮɢ- ɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ W/Ɍ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ- ɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɋɊ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ: ɨɧɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵ ɜ ɧɚɥɚɞɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
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Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ W/Ɍ) ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɬɪɨ- ɟɤ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɧɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɋɊ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ- ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɧ- ɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɋɊ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ, ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢ- ɡɚɰɢɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɟ, ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɋɊ.
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɋɊ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨ- ɜɚɧɢɹ.
3. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜ ɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵ ɬɟ ɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩ ɪ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ.
3.1. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜ ɧɢɟ ɪ ɫɯɨɞ , ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪ ɫɯɨɞɨɜ
ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨ-
ɞɚ:
1.ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ (ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɲɢɛɟɪ, ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɚ);
2.ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɧɚ- ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɝɥɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɟɣ ɜɟɧ- ɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ);
3.ɛɚɣɩɚɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬ ɟ. ɩɟɪɟɛɪɨɫ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɛɜɨɞ- ɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ
ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.1, ). ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɋɊ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ (ɢɥɢ ɤ ɩɨɦɩɚɠɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ- ɸɬ ɛɚɣɩɚɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3.1, ɛ).
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.1. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ( ) ɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ (ɛ) ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ.
1 – ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ; 2 – ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ; 3 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ; 4 – ɧɚɫɨɫ.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɵɩɭɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬɤɪɵ- ɬɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɛɭɧɤɟɪɚ (ɪɢɫ 3.2, ), ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
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ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɚ. ɂɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸ- ɳɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɥɟɧɬɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɚ (ɪɢɫ 3.2, ɛ).
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.2. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɵɩɭɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ:
1 – ɛɭɧɤɟɪ; 2 – ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɪ; 3 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ; 4 – ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɚ; 5 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨ-
ɛɚɦɢ:
1.ɉɪɢ ɧɟɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3.3, ) G1, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ «ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦ», ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ; ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ Ȗ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ «ɜɟɞɨɦɵɣ» ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɪɚɜɟɧ ȖG1. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ
ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɟɥɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 3.3, ɛ). ȼɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɪɟɥɟ 6, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧ- ɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ Ȗ, ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɭ 5, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸ- ɳɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ «ɜɟɞɨɦɨɝɨ» ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.3. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ.
1, 2 – ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, 3 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, 4, 7 – ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ; 5
– ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, 6 – ɪɟɥɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, 8 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, 9 – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ.
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2. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ «ɜɟɞɭɳɟɦ» ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɋɊ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɢ ɋɊ «ɜɟɞɭ- ɳɟɝɨ» ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3.3, ɜ). ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ G1 ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ G2 (ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫ G1).
3.ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɭ. ɋɊ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨ- ɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ y (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɡɚ-
ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ G2 = Ȗ(y)G1 (ɪɢɫ. 3.3, ɝ). Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɯ ɋɊ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ xɪɧ xɪ xɪɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɋɊ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟ- ɧɢɸ Ȗɧ Ȗ Ȗɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ [xɪɧ,xɪɜ], ɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɭ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟ- ɧɢɢ Ȗ (ɬ. ɟ. Ȗɧ ɢɥɢ Ȗɜ).
3.2.Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜ ɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɫɬɨɤɭ, ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɢɞɚ
S dL Gɜɯ Gɜɵɯ r Gɨɛ ,
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ɝɞɟ S – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ) ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ; Gɜɯ,Gɜɵɯ – ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ |
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ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ; Gɨɛ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ (ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɨɣ) ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. |
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ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɥɟ- |
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ɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: |
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ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, |
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ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚ- |
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ɬɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ, |
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ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ: |
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Lɜ L Lɧ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟ- |
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ɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ |
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ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨ- |
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ɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɹɯ (ɪɢɫ. |
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.4. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜ- |
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3.4). ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶ- |
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ɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨ- |
ɧɹ: |
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ɞɢɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸ- |
1 – ɧɚɫɨɫ; 2 – ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ; 3 – ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ; 4 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ |
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ɭɪɨɜɧɹ; 5,6 – ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ. |
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ɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɫɧɭɸ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ; |
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ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚ ɡɚ- |
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ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ, ɬ. ɟ. L = L0. |
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Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɬɟɩ- ɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨ- ɰɟɫɫɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɋɊ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɟɡ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ- ɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɉɂ–ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ. ɉ–ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɬɪɟ- ɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɫɨ- ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ:
1.ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ (ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ», ɪɢɫ. 3.5, );
2.ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ (ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɧɚ ɫɬɨɤɟ», ɪɢɫ. 3.5, ɛ);
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.5. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ:
– ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ»; ɛ – ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɧɚ ɫɬɨɤɟ», ɜ – ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɊ (1 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, 2 – ɪɟɝɭɥɢ- ɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, 3, 4 – ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, 5 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ).
3.ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɸ (ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɚɹ ɋɊ, ɪɢɫ. 3.5, ɜ); ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪ-
ɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬ- ɜɢɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨ-
ɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬ- ɜɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜ ɚɩɩɚ- ɪɚɬɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ (ɢɥɢ ɭɛɵɜɚɬɶ).
ɉɚɪ
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LC
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Ƚɪɟɸɳɢɣ ɩɚɪ
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ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.6. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚ- ɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ:
1 – ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ; 2 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɭɪɨɜ- ɧɹ, 3 – ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ.
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ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ (ɢɥɢ ɯɥɚɞɚ- ɝɟɧɬɚ). ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢ-
Ɂɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ |
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ɟɦ), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨ- |
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ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ |
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ɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭ- |
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ɱɚɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɫ- |
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ɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. |
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Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢ- |
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ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɋɊ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ |
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ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ (ɩɫɟɜɞɨɫɠɢɠɟɧ- |
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ɧɵɦ) ɫɥɨɟɦ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɪɢɫ. |
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3.7). ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ |
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Ƚɚɡ |
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.7. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ: |
ɤɢɩɹɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ |
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– ɨɬɜɨɞɨɦ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɛ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ |
ɭɡɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ |
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ɝɚɡɚ (1 – ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ, 2 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, 3 – |
ɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɥɨɹ. ɉɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ |
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ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ). |
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ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɚ (ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ) ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɟɞɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3.7, ) ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɨɠɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɹ (ɪɢɫ. 3.7, ɛ).
3.3.Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜ ɧɢɟ ɞ ɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧ- ɫɚ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ) ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢ- ɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ, ɚ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɪɩɭɫɧɨɣ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.8, ) ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ. ȼ ɨɫ- ɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ- ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜ- ɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ.
ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ), ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩ- ɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 3.8, ɛ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɟɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɤ- ɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɜ- ɥɟɧɢɹ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.8
– ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɪ- ɩɭɫɧɨɣ ɜɵɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ:
1,2 – ɜɵɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ; 3 – ɛɚɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧ- ɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ; 4 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ; 5 – ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ.
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɪɩɭɫɧɨɣ ɜɵɩɚɪ-
ɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ-
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ɦɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɛɚɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧ- ɫɚɬɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɨ-
ɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ.
ɛ – ɋɊ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨ- ɥɨɧɧɟ:
1 – ɤɨɥɨɧɧɚ; 2 – ɞɟɮɥɟɝɦɚɬɨɪ; 3 – ɮɥɟɝɦɨɜɚɹ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɶ; 4
– ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 5 – ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ.
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PDC PDC
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Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɪɟ- ɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3.9).
3.4.Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜ ɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪ ɬɭɪɵ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ- ɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚ- ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ ɋɊ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
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