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- •Preface
- •Contents
- •1 Elements of the Nervous System
- •2 Somatosensory System
- •3 Motor System
- •4 Brainstem
- •5 Cerebellum
- •6 Diencephalon and Autonomic Nervous System
- •7 Limbic System
- •8 Basal Ganglia
- •9 Cerebrum
- •10 Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord; Cerebrospinal Fluid and Ventricular System
- •Further Reading
- •Index
- •Abbreviations
- •1 Elements of the Nervous System
- •Elements of the Nervous System
- •Information Flow in the Nervous System
- •Synapses
- •Neurotransmitters and Receptors
- •Functional Groups of Neurons
- •Glial Cells
- •Development of the Nervous System
- •2 Somatosensory System
- •Peripheral Nerve, Dorsal Root Ganglion, Posterior Root
- •Peripheral Regulatory Circuits
- •Central Components of the Somatosensory System
- •Posterior and Anterior Spinocerebellar Tracts
- •Posterior Columns
- •Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
- •Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
- •Other Afferent Tracts of the Spinal Cord
- •Central Processing of Somatosensory Information
- •Somatosensory Deficits due to Lesions at Specific Sites along the Somatosensory Pathways
- •3 Motor System
- •Central Components of the Motor System and Clinical Syndromes of Lesions Affecting Them
- •Motor Cortical Areas
- •Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract)
- •Corticonuclear (Corticobulbar) Tract
- •Other Central Components of the Motor System
- •Lesions of Central Motor Pathways
- •Peripheral Components of the Motor System and Clinical Syndromes of Lesions Affecting Them
- •Clinical Syndromes of Motor Unit Lesions
- •Complex Clinical Syndromes due to Lesions of Specific Components of the Nervous System
- •Spinal Cord Syndromes
- •Vascular Spinal Cord Syndromes
- •Nerve Root Syndromes (Radicular Syndromes)
- •Plexus Syndromes
- •Peripheral Nerve Syndromes
- •Syndromes of the Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle
- •4 Brainstem
- •Surface Anatomy of the Brainstem
- •Medulla
- •Pons
- •Midbrain
- •Olfactory System (CN I)
- •Visual System (CN II)
- •Eye Movements (CN III, IV, and VI)
- •Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
- •Facial Nerve (CN VII) and Nervus Intermedius
- •Vagal System (CN IX, X, and the Cranial Portion of XI)
- •Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
- •Topographical Anatomy of the Brainstem
- •Internal Structure of the Brainstem
- •5 Cerebellum
- •Surface Anatomy
- •Internal Structure
- •Cerebellar Cortex
- •Cerebellar Nuclei
- •Connections of the Cerebellum with Other Parts of the Nervous System
- •Cerebellar Function and Cerebellar Syndromes
- •Vestibulocerebellum
- •Spinocerebellum
- •Cerebrocerebellum
- •Cerebellar Tumors
- •6 Diencephalon and Autonomic Nervous System
- •Location and Components of the Diencephalon
- •Functions of the Thalamus
- •Syndromes of Thalamic Lesions
- •Thalamic Vascular Syndromes
- •Epithalamus
- •Subthalamus
- •Hypothalamic Nuclei
- •Afferent and Efferent Projections of the Hypothalamus
- •Functions of the Hypothalamus
- •Sympathetic Nervous System
- •Parasympathetic Nervous System
- •Visceral and Referred Pain
- •7 Limbic System
- •Anatomical Overview
- •Internal and External Connections
- •Microanatomy of the Hippocampal Formation
- •Amygdala
- •Functions of the Limbic System
- •Types of Memory
- •8 Basal Ganglia
- •Preliminary Remarks on Terminology
- •The Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Motor System: Phylogenetic Aspects
- •Connections of the Basal Ganglia
- •Function and Dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia
- •Clinical Syndromes of Basal Ganglia Lesions
- •9 Cerebrum
- •Development
- •Gross Anatomy and Subdivision of the Cerebrum
- •Gyri and Sulci
- •Histological Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
- •Laminar Architecture
- •Cerebral White Matter
- •Projection Fibers
- •Association Fibers
- •Commissural Fibers
- •Functional Localization in the Cerebral Cortex
- •Primary Cortical Fields
- •Association Areas
- •Frontal Lobe
- •Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord
- •Dura Mater
- •Arachnoid
- •Pia Mater
- •Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and Resorption
- •Arteries of the Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossae
- •Arteries of the Posterior Fossa
- •Collateral Circulation in the Brain
- •Dural Sinuses
- •Venous Drainage
- •Cerebral Ischemia
- •Arterial Hypoperfusion
- •Particular Cerebrovascular Syndromes
- •Impaired Venous Drainage from the Brain
- •Intracranial Hemorrhage
- •Intracerebral Hemorrhage (Nontraumatic)
- •Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
- •Subdural and Epidural Hematoma
- •Impaired Venous Drainage
- •Spinal Cord Hemorrhage and Hematoma
- •Further Reading
- •Index
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VII
Contents
1 |
Elements of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
2 |
Information Flow in the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
2 |
|
Neurons and Synapses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
|
Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
|
Synapses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
7 |
|
Neurotransmitters and Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
10 |
|
Functional Groups of Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
12 |
|
Glial Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
13 |
|
Development of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
13 |
|
2 |
Somatosensory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
18 |
Peripheral Components of the Somatosensory System |
|
|
and Peripheral Regulatory Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
18 |
|
Receptor Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
18 |
|
Peripheral Nerve, Dorsal Root Ganglion, Posterior Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
21 |
|
Peripheral Regulatory Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
30 |
|
Central Components of the Somatosensory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
39 |
|
Posterior and Anterior Spinocerebellar Tracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
39 |
|
Posterior Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
41 |
|
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
47 |
|
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
47 |
|
Other Afferent Tracts of the Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
49 |
|
Central Processing of Somatosensory Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
50 |
|
Somatosensory Deficits due to Lesions at Specific Sites along |
|
|
the Somatosensory Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
51 |
|
3 |
Motor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
56 |
Central Components of the Motor System and Clinical Syndromes of |
|
|
Lesions Affecting Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
57 |
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
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VIII · Contents
Motor Cortical Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Corticonuclear (Corticobulbar) Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Other Central Components of the Motor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Lesions of Central Motor Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Peripheral Components of the Motor System and
Clinical Syndromes of Lesions Affecting Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Clinical Syndromes of Motor Unit Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Complex Clinical Syndromes due to Lesions of Specific Components
of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Spinal Cord Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Vascular Spinal Cord Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Nerve Root Syndromes (Radicular Syndromes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Plexus Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Peripheral Nerve Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Syndromes of the Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4 |
Brainstem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
116 |
Surface Anatomy of the Brainstem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Medulla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Pons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Midbrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Cranial Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Origin, Components, and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Olfactory System (CN I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Visual System (CN II) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Eye Movements (CN III, IV, and VI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Facial Nerve (CN VII) and Nervus Intermedius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)—Cochlear Component and the
Organ of Hearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)—Vestibular Component and
Vestibular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Vagal System (CN IX, X, and the Cranial Portion of XI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Topographical Anatomy of the Brainstem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Internal Structure of the Brainstem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
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Contents · IX
Brainstem Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Ischemic Brainstem Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
5 Cerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Surface Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Internal Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Cerebellar Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Cerebellar Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Afferent and Efferent Projections of the Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei . . . 245
Connections of the Cerebellum with Other Parts
of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Cerebellar Function and Cerebellar Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Vestibulocerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Spinocerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Cerebrocerebellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Cerebellar Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Cerebellar Ischemia and Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Cerebellar Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
6Diencephalon and Autonomic Nervous System . . 260
Location and Components of the Diencephalon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Thalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Position of the Thalamic Nuclei in Ascending and
Descending Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Functions of the Thalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Syndromes of Thalamic Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Thalamic Vascular Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Epithalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Subthalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Hypothalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Location and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Hypothalamic Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
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X · Contents
Afferent and Efferent Projections of the Hypothalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Functions of the Hypothalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Sympathetic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Parasympathetic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Autonomic Innervation and Functional Disturbances
of Individual Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Visceral and Referred Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
7 Limbic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
312 |
Anatomical Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Internal and External Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Major Components of the Limbic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Hippocampus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Amygdala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Functions of the Limbic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Types of Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Memory Dysfunction—The Amnestic Syndrome and Its Causes . . . . . . . . . 323
8 |
Basal Ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
330 |
Preliminary Remarks on Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
The Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Motor System:
Phylogenetic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Components of the Basal Ganglia and Their Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Connections of the Basal Ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Function and Dysfunction of the Basal Ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Clinical Syndromes of Basal Ganglia Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Baehr, Duus' Topical Diagnosis in Neurology © 2005 Thieme
All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.