- •Предисловие
- •History and Development of Automatic Control
- •Introduction to Control Systems
- •From the History of Automatic Control Theory
- •Управление
- •Elements and Structure of Automatic Control Systems
- •Automation
- •Business Systems
- •Comparing Feed forward and Feedback Controllers
- •Types of Feedback Control Systems
- •History of the word "cybernetics"
- •The History of Cybernetics
- •Cybernetics
- •Сфера кибернетики
- •The heritage and revival of cybernetics
- •Distributed Control System (dcs) History
- •Servomechanism, Regulator and Process Control
- •Data acquisition
- •Methodology Source
- •Signals
- •Daq hardware
- •Daq software
- •Алгоритмы функционирования технологических объектов, управляемых асутп
- •What is Artificial Intelligence?
- •Составление реферата
- •Hart-коммуникация
- •Беспроводные интерфейсы
- •The End of a Monopoly Era
- •The End of a Monopoly Era
- •Artificial Intelligence
- •Robot programming and interfaces
- •Writing a Summary
- •Experimental modeling and adaptive power control of a 750mw once-through boiler
- •I. Industrial robot
- •II. Robot types, features
- •III. Defining parameters
- •IV. End –of-arm Tooling
- •V. Controlling Movement
- •VI. Robotics
- •Функции асу тп
- •Grammar Reference Passive Voice
- •Сопоставление русских и английских времен в Passive
- •The Infinitive
- •Forms of the Infinitive
- •Functions of the Infinitive
- •2) Частью сказуемого.
- •The Complex Object
- •The Complex Subject
- •The Participle
- •The Absolute Participle Construction
- •The Gerund
- •Forms of the Gerund
- •Functions of the Gerund
- •Supplementary Texts Types of control systems
- •History of Cybernetics and Systems Science
- •The Search for New Tools
- •Industrial Robots
- •An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
- •Applications of ai
- •Artificial intelligence
- •Open and closed – loop systems
- •Inputs and Outputs
- •Interface
- •Technological revolution in Russia
- •Асу тп сегодня
- •Microprocessor
- •External Processor Interfaces and Operation
- •Trigonometry. Units of Measurement
- •Figure 1 - a radian defined
- •Interrupts
- •Programs
- •Other microcontroller features
- •Higher integration
- •What Is a Control Engineer?
- •Специальность «Автоматизация и управление»
- •Linear versus Nonlinear Control Systems
- •Principles of Automatic Emergency Control
- •Сети следующего поколения
- •Список литературы
- •Содержание
- •Предисловие
- •History and Development of Automatic Control
- •Introduction to Control Systems
- •From the History of Automatic Control Theory
- •Управление
- •Elements and Structure of Automatic Control Systems
- •Automation
- •Business Systems
- •Comparing Feed forward and Feedback Controllers
- •Types of Feedback Control Systems
- •History of the word "cybernetics"
- •The History of Cybernetics
- •Cybernetics
- •Сфера кибернетики
- •The heritage and revival of cybernetics
- •Distributed Control System (dcs) History
- •Servomechanism, Regulator and Process Control
- •Data acquisition
- •Methodology Source
- •Signals
- •Daq hardware
- •Daq software
- •Алгоритмы функционирования технологических объектов, управляемых асутп
- •What is Artificial Intelligence?
- •Составление реферата
- •Hart-коммуникация
- •Беспроводные интерфейсы
- •The End of a Monopoly Era
- •The End of a Monopoly Era
- •Artificial Intelligence
- •Robot programming and interfaces
- •Writing a Summary
- •Experimental modeling and adaptive power control of a 750mw once-through boiler
- •I. Industrial robot
- •II. Robot types, features
- •III. Defining parameters
- •IV. End –of-arm Tooling
- •V. Controlling Movement
- •VI. Robotics
- •Функции асу тп
- •Grammar Reference Passive Voice
- •Сопоставление русских и английских времен в Passive
- •The Infinitive
- •Forms of the Infinitive
- •Functions of the Infinitive
- •2) Частью сказуемого.
- •The Complex Object
- •The Complex Subject
- •The Participle
- •The Absolute Participle Construction
- •The Gerund
- •Forms of the Gerund
- •Functions of the Gerund
- •Supplementary Texts Types of control systems
- •History of Cybernetics and Systems Science
- •The Search for New Tools
- •Industrial Robots
- •An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
- •Applications of ai
- •Artificial intelligence
- •Open and closed – loop systems
- •Inputs and Outputs
- •Interface
- •Technological revolution in Russia
- •Асу тп сегодня
- •Microprocessor
- •External Processor Interfaces and Operation
- •Trigonometry. Units of Measurement
- •Figure 1 - a radian defined
- •Interrupts
- •Programs
- •Other microcontroller features
- •Higher integration
- •What Is a Control Engineer?
- •Специальность «Автоматизация и управление»
- •Linear versus Nonlinear Control Systems
- •Principles of Automatic Emergency Control
- •Сети следующего поколения
- •Список литературы
- •Содержание
- •Предисловие
- •History and Development of Automatic Control
- •Introduction to Control Systems
- •From the History of Automatic Control Theory
- •Управление
- •Elements and Structure of Automatic Control Systems
- •Automation
- •Business Systems
- •Comparing Feed forward and Feedback Controllers
- •Types of Feedback Control Systems
- •History of the word "cybernetics"
- •The History of Cybernetics
- •Cybernetics
- •Сфера кибернетики
- •The heritage and revival of cybernetics
- •Distributed Control System (dcs) History
- •Servomechanism, Regulator and Process Control
- •Data acquisition
- •Methodology Source
- •Signals
- •Daq hardware
- •Daq software
- •Алгоритмы функционирования технологических объектов, управляемых асутп
- •What is Artificial Intelligence?
- •Составление реферата
- •Hart-коммуникация
- •Беспроводные интерфейсы
- •The End of a Monopoly Era
- •The End of a Monopoly Era
- •Artificial Intelligence
- •Robot programming and interfaces
- •Writing a Summary
- •Experimental modeling and adaptive power control of a 750mw once-through boiler
- •I. Industrial robot
- •II. Robot types, features
- •III. Defining parameters
- •IV. End –of-arm Tooling
- •V. Controlling Movement
- •VI. Robotics
- •Функции асу тп
- •Grammar Reference Passive Voice
- •Сопоставление русских и английских времен в Passive
- •The Infinitive
- •Forms of the Infinitive
- •Functions of the Infinitive
- •2) Частью сказуемого.
- •The Complex Object
- •The Complex Subject
- •The Participle
- •The Absolute Participle Construction
- •The Gerund
- •Forms of the Gerund
- •Functions of the Gerund
- •Supplementary Texts Types of control systems
- •History of Cybernetics and Systems Science
- •The Search for New Tools
- •Industrial Robots
- •An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
- •Applications of ai
- •Artificial intelligence
- •Open and closed – loop systems
- •Inputs and Outputs
- •Interface
- •Technological revolution in Russia
- •Асу тп сегодня
- •Microprocessor
- •External Processor Interfaces and Operation
- •Trigonometry. Units of Measurement
- •Figure 1 - a radian defined
- •Interrupts
- •Programs
- •Other microcontroller features
- •Higher integration
- •What Is a Control Engineer?
- •Специальность «Автоматизация и управление»
- •Linear versus Nonlinear Control Systems
- •Principles of Automatic Emergency Control
- •Сети следующего поколения
- •Список литературы
- •Содержание
Предисловие
Предлагаемое учебное пособие предназначено для магистрантов высших учебных заведений, совершенствующихся в области автоматизации и управления. Целью данного пособия является обучение языковым средствам понимания специальных научно-технических текстов на английском языке, умениям перевода информации с русского на английский язык, а также навыкам написания и подготовки аннотаций и рефератов.
Структурно пособие состоит из основной части и приложений. Основная часть содержит 7 уроков, каждый из которых состоит из основного текста, лексико-грамматических упражнений, дополнительных текстов, предназначенных для развития навыков поискового чтения, двустороннего перевода, упражнений и текстов для составления аннотаций, планов, рефератов.
Пособие содержит:
- тексты из оригинальной литературы, относящиеся к области автоматизированных систем управления;
- учебные задания, способствующие усвоению и запоминанию специальных терминов;
- задания для развития навыков чтения, свертывания и развертывания информации, составления аннотаций и рефератов, как на русском, так и на английском языке;
- задания по совершенствованию навыков письменного перевода;
- упражнения по усвоению грамматических явлений, характерных для научно-технических текстов.
В качестве приложений предлагаются:
- краткий грамматический справочник;
- научно-технические тексты для дополнительного чтения.
Авторы выражают благодарность и признательность рецензентам: кандидату филологических наук, профессору КазУМОиМЯ им. Абылай хана М.Р. Сабитовой и кандидату технических наук, доценту кафедры ИК АУЭС Н.В.Сябиной за ценные рекомендации, которые были учтены при подготовке пособия к печати.
UNIT ONE
Texts: History and Development of Automatic Control; Introduction to Control Systems; From the History of automatic Control Theory
Grammar: The Passive Voice
1. Memorize the words
fly-ball governor – центробежный регулятор
prone to – склонный
to steer – управлять
to struggle – прилагать все усилия
prior to – раньше, прежде
automatic aircraft pilot – автопилот самолета
control engineering – техника регулирования
track – след; направляющее приспособление; следить
vast vistas – перспективы
advent – приход; наступление
to devise – изобретать, придумывать
to implement – выполнять
to tackle – заниматься (чем-л.); браться (за что-л.)
vigour (vigor) – сила, энергия
to deplete – истощать (запасы и т. п.)
2. Read the text and say how the automatic control theory was developed
History and Development of Automatic Control
by I. J. Nagrath
It is instructive to trace brief historical development of automatic control. Automatic control systems did not appear until the middle of eighteenth century. The first automatic control system, the fly-ball governor, to control the speed of steam engines, was invented by James Watt in 1770. This device was usually prone to hunting. It was about hundred years later that Maxwell analyzed the dynamics of fly-ball governor.
The importance of positioning heavy masses like ships and guns quickly and precisely was realized during World War I. In early 1920, Minorsky performed the classic work on the automatic steering of ships and positioning the guns on the shipboards.
A date of significance in automatic control systems is that of Hazen’s work in 1934. His work may possibly be considered as a first struggling attempt to develop some general theory to servomechanisms. The word “servo” was originated with him.
Prior to 1940 automatic control theory was not much developed and for most cases the design of control systems was indeed in art. During the decade of 1940’s, mathematical and analytical methods were developed and practiced and control engineering was established as an engineering discipline in its own rights. During the World War II it became necessary to design and construct automatic airplane pilots, gun positioning systems, radar tracking systems and other military equipment based on feedback control principle. This gave a great impetus to the automatic control theory.
The industrial use of automatic control has tremendously increased since World War II. Modern industrial processes such as manufacture and treatment of chemicals and metals are now automatically controlled.
Control engineering has enjoyed tremendous growth during the years since 1955. Particularly with advent of analog and digital computers and the perfection achieved in computer field, highly sophisticated control schemes have been devised and implemented. Furthermore, computers have opened up vast vistas for applying control concepts to non-engineering fields like business and management. On the technological front fully automated computer control schemes have been introduced for electric utilities and many complex industrial processes with several interacting variables particularly in chemical and metallurgical processes.
A glorious future lies ahead for automation wherein computer control can run our industries and produce our consumer goods provided we can tackle with equal vigour and success the socio-economic and resource depletion problems associated with such sophisticated degree of automation.
3. Look through the text and answer the questions:
1. What was the first automatic control system? 2. Where were they used? 3 Who devised the term “servo”? 4. What was designed in 1940s? 5 Why has control engineering increased since 1955? 6 What were automated computer control schemes introduced for? 7. What vistas lie ahead for automation?
4. Find out the English equivalents for the following word combinations:
Применять концепции управления; электрическое оборудование; с появлением аналоговых и цифровых компьютеров; очень сложные схемы управления; принцип обратной связи; восстановить в правах; автоматическое управление; настойчивая попытка; прежде, раньше, до; автопилот; центробежный регулятор; дать толчок; огромные перспективы.
5. Translate the groups of words:
To play a vital role; in addition to; space-vehicle systems; the design of cars; missile-guidance systems; to provide the means; manual operations; to relieve the drudgery; machine tools; fields like business and management; electric utilities; interacting variables.
6. Read the text and write the translation of it: