2.Answer the questions:

1. Whom must year accounts of a limited company be approved by?

2. What is the company secretary responsible for?

3. What do auditors check?

4. What does the profit statement show?

5. What is one of the most difficult jobs in preparing accounts.

Text 13

1. Read and translate the text: special terms

Audit: A review and evaluation of financial records by experts (au­ditors) who check the accuracy of the entries and the procedures fol­lowed by the accountants who originally compiled the records.

Internal Control: A system that includes the plan of organization and all the related methods and measures adopted within a business to safe­guard its assets, check the accuracy and reliability of its accounting date, promote operational efficiency, and encourage adherence to prescribed managerial policies.

Voucher: A business paper indicating receipt of a payment. Vouchers used for internal control include petty cash vouchers, showing payments from small cash funds that most companies keep for sums too small for writing checks, and expense account vouchers for expenses paid by personnel in connection with travel, entertainment, and so on.

Internal Audit: A review and evaluation of company's financial records by employees of the same company.

Standard Operating Procedures: Organization's established methods of carrying out its operating and recording functions.

Independent Audit: An audit performed by someone from outside the organization. Most independent auditors are CPAs (certified public accountants).

Fairness: A term used to describe financial records' state of accuracy, authenticity, and completeness.

Scope Paragraph: A paragraph in a letter sent to a client by an independent auditor upon completion of an audit. It gives the scope, or extent, of the audit and the standards that have been applied.

General Ledger: The financial record in which the accounts that appear on the statements of financial position, owner's equity, and income arc kept.

Field Work: In auditing, the accounting activities of an independent auditor who examines company's records.

Opinion Paragraph: The part of an auditor's letter to his client that gives his opinion, or judgement, on the financial statements.

Notes to the text:

related methods and measures – соответствующие методы и меры, пов’язані методи та виміри

petty cash voucher – денежный оправдательный документ на небольшую сумму, грошовий виправдувальний документ на невеличку суму

expense account voucher - оправдательный документ о произведенных расходах, виправдувальний документ о призведених витратах

standard operating procedures – стандартные методы работы, стандартні методи роботи

2. Answer the questions:

1. What is audit?

2. What is internal control?

3. What is an internal audit?

4. What is an independent audit?

5. What is voucher?

6. What are standard operating procedures?

Text 14 standards of auditing

1.Read and translate the text:

These standards are as follows:

General standards:

• The examination is to be performed by a person or persons having adequate technical training and proficiency as an auditor.

• In all matters relating to the assignment, an independence in mental attitude is to be maintained by the auditor or auditors.

• Due professional care is to be exercised in the performance of the examination and the preparation of the report.

Standards of Field Work

• The work is to be adequately planned, and assistants, if any, are to be properly supervised.

• A sufficient understanding of the internal control structure is to be obtained to plan the audit and to determine the nature, timing, and extent of tests to be performed.

• Sufficient, competent evidential matter is to be obtained through inspection, observation, inquiries, and confirmations to afford a reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial statements under examination.

Standards of Reporting

• The report shall state whether the financial statements are presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

• The report shall identify those circumstances in which such principles have not been consistently observed in the current period in relation to the preceding period.

• Informative disclosures in the financial statements are to be regarded as reasonably adequate unless otherwise stated in the report.

• The report shall either contain an expression of opinion regarding the financial statements, taken as a whole, or as an assertion to the effect that an opinion cannot be expressed. When an overall opinion cannot be expressed, the reasons therefore should be stated. In all cases where an auditor’s name is associated with financial statements, the report should contain a clear-cut indication of the character of the auditor’s work and the degree of responsibility, if any, the auditor is taking.

Notes to the text:

due professional care – соответствующее профессиональное обслуживание, відповідне професійне обслуговування

adequate technical (academic) training – соответствующая техническая (академическая) подготовка, відповідна технична (академічна) підготовка