Grammatika_Saakyan

had spring come than everybody took off heavy winter clothes. 12. Hardly had the boss given instructions when the staff set to work.

Ex. 4. Ask and answer questions about the text.

Mr. Brown was in Edinburgh on business. He had caught a train from King's Cross station in London at ten o'clock that morning and now he had arrived in Edinburgh. It was five o'clock in the evening. He had enjoyed a comfortable journey and had had a good lunch on the train.

He had booked a room at the Queen's hotel a few days before, so when he got off the train in Naverley Station, he took a taxi straight to the hotel.

Mr. Brown had not been to Edinburgh for many years and he was looking forward to seeing the city again. So when he had finished breakfast, he decided to go for a walk before keeping his first appointment at seven o'clock.

He came out from the hotel into Princess Street, one of the widest and most beautiful streets in the world. As Mr. Brown walked along he remembered some of the exciting events that had happened there and some of the great men who had walked along the same street — the things they had done and the books they had written. He was surprised when he looked at his watch and saw it was almost eleven...

Ex. 5. Open the brackets to make the story complete.

Meeting Mr. Rochester

One day in January I had a free afternoon, as Adele (fall) ill and I (allow) to walk to the village (post) a letter. It was a bright, frosty day and I was enjoying the fresh air and the exercise. I (stop) on the road and watched the sun (set). And then I (hear) a horse (approach). Suddenly there (be) a crash as the horse (slip) and (fall) on the ice. I (run) (see) if I (can) (help). The traveller (swear) furiously while he (try) to rise from the ice. Obviously he (hurt) his leg because he (sit) down quickly. 'I (help) you, sir?' I asked. 'I not (break) any bones!' he said crossly. 'But I not (leave) you here alone till someone (come) to your help, sir,' I insisted. 'I not (want) you (fetch) any help, just help me walk to the horse.' In a moment he (ride off) in the distance. Half an hour later I came back to the house where I (have) to stay until I (teach) Adele to speak English. When I entered, the servants told me that Mr. Rochester (arrive) and that the doctor (examine) him at the moment as he (have) an accident on the road.

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Ex. 6. Translate into English.

1. К тому времени, как я проснулся, было совсем светло, так как солнце поднялось и было высоко в небе. 2. Когда она пришла, дети уже спали. Ей сказали, что они заснули в девять. 3. К 20 февраля все студенты сдали сочинения. 4. Мы не виделись с тех пор, как были на Новогоднем балу. 5. Я не видел ее на Новогоднем балу. 6. Не выходи на улицу, дождь еще не прекратился. 7. Дождь еще не прекратился, когда мы вышли на улицу. 8. Я не могу дать тебе книгу, я ее еще не прочитал. 9. В воскресенье я прочитала очень интересную книгу. Если хочешь, я могу дать тебе ее прочитать. 10. Много было написано об этом фильме, прежде чем мы увидели его. 11. К пяти часам она приготовила обед и ждала нас. 12. Мы были еще далеко от станции, когда увидели, что подходит поезд. 13. Они еще не дошли до леса, как началась гроза. 14. Он сказал нам, что ездил в отпуск к морю. 15. Мы спросили, какие страны он посетил. 16. Мы были очень удивлены, узнав, что она закончила школу в 14 лет.

Ex. 7. Insert the right article.

1. Go to ... bed with the lamb and rise with the lark. 2. All are not saints that go to ...

church. 3. Early to ... bed and early to rise makes a man wealthy, healthy and wise. 4. Rita refuses to go to ... hospital unless I look after her fish. 5. She studies hotel management at ... college. 6. Doctors advise people to sleep on... hard bed. 7. ... college is proud of its famous graduates. 8. ... prison doesn't solve many social problems. 9. The priest goes to ... prison once ... week. 10. How many times have I told you not to put your shoes under ... bed! 11. Eva has been in ... town ... fortnight but she hasn't called me yet. 12. Life in ... provincial town left him a lot of time for self-education. 13. My parents have always wanted me to go to ... university. 14. Can I give you ... lift to ...

school? 15. There is ... old hospital in our area.

Ex. 8. Translate into English paying attention to the use of articles.

1. Я постелила постель, можешь идти спать. 2. Он встал, поднял газету и положил ее на кровать. 3. Я иду спать. 4. Каждое воскресенье бабушка ходила в церковь. 5. Часы на церкви пробили пять. 6. Она преподавала рисование в начальной школе. 7. Это была хорошая школа и ей было жаль расставаться с ней. 8. Мы вместе ходили в школу. 9. Сколько времени он лежал в больнице? 10. Она сидела за столом и штопала носки. 11. Мой сын всегда гуляет после школы. 12. Он был директором школы, где я учился. 13. После окончания школы я хотел пойти в университет. 14. Его брат

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сидит в тюрьме за угон машины. 15. Тюрьма была старым зданием, стоявшим в конце переулка. 16. В Америке дорожная полиция может отправить водителя в тюрьму за нарушение правил дорожного движения.

Ex. 9. Make the correct choice of one of the words in brackets.

1. There were definitely (fewer, less) cars on the circle road that Sunday. 2. You left the rod (laying, lying) on the floor and it may get damaged. 3. You really need (well, good) health to participate in such a hiking trip. 4. I do not wish to discuss this matter (further, farther). 5. The data (show, shows) that the average income of citizens has increased during the last three years. 6. I (read, have read) all day on Sunday. 7. The clarinets sounded (bad, badly). 8. We need (many, much) more computers in this office. 9. He walks more (quicker, quickly) than she does. 10. Jane and (myself, I) have become close friends. 11. Todd finished the work faster than (I, me). 12. The dinner was (the, a) wonderful meal put together with style and elegance. 13. How many chapters (have, did) you read till now? 14. Can you tell me how much money is left? — Yes, I can. I (have kept, kept) a daily account of our expenses. 15. Between you and (I, me), I do not like our new boss very much.

Unit 42

The Past Perfect Progressive Tense. Revision of Articles

Ex. 1. Contrast the Past Indefinite with the Past Perfect Tense.

1. The train (arrive) two minutes ago. 2. By 6 o'clock we (arrive) at the station. 3. When Jane Eyre (finish) school she (remain) there to work as a teacher. 4. Before the teacher (enter) the classroom, the pupils (prepare) everything for the lesson. 5. When the bell (ring), the teacher (enter) the classroom and the lesson (begin). 6.I (have dinner) at home before I (go) to the theatre. 7. When I (learn) that my friend (arrive) I (decide) to visit her. 8. Yesterday we (visit) the Russian Museum. When we (come) home we (tell) our sister about everything we (see) there. 9. On Saturday my friend and I (decide) to go to the theatre. We (buy) tickets for the play and at six o'clock we (meet) at the entrance. When we (take) our seats I (remember) that I (leave) my opera glasses at home. 10. He (enter) the office, (come) to my desk and (stop) in front of me. I (know) at once what he was going to say. I (suspect) for a long time that he was going to leave. 11. The company

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hired Mr. Spencer because he (live) in India, for five years. 12. He (lose) confidence in himself before he (be fired). 13.I was very upset. They (cancel) the party after I (make) all arrangements for it. 14. The children (be disappointed) because they-(hope) to go with us. 15. Although the morning forecast (predict) rain, the afternoon (be clear).

Ex. 2. Change the Simple Past into the Past Perfect. Add an adverbial modifier of time or an adverbial clause.

Model: We did our work in the evening. — We had done our work by 7 in the evening. She was ill for 2 days. — She had been ill for 2 days, when I heard about it.

1. Peter and Ann finished school in 1980. 2. My sister learned English at school. 3. They took their exams in January. 4. He didn't go far in the forest last night as it began to rain. 5. She didn't hear from him last month. 6. On Friday Peter came up with several ideas about his research project. 7. I forgot that Sunday was her birthday. 8. Somebody entered the house before us. 9. At the end of the month we found that we made some profit. 10. We finished the celebration at 11.00 p. m. 11. The new books arrived on Tuesday morning. 12. We didn't hear from them for three days. 13. I bought the groceries on Wednesday. 14.I studied the manual carefully. 15. The morning mail came at 7:00 a. m.

Ex. 3. Complete the sentences, using the Past Perfect Tense.

Ex. 4. Complete the following sentences.

knocked at the door. 10. ... than the lights went out. 11. ... when the door closed. 12. ...

than it was blown away. 13. ... when the light went down.

Ex. 5. Translate into English.

1. Едва она начала рассказывать свою историю, как он побледнел. 2. Не успела она и слова молвить, как незнакомец вошел в дом. 3. Едва мы вышли из машины, как начался дождь. 4. Не успели мы закончить перевод, как преподаватель собрал тетради. 5. Не успела я закончить упражнение, как ко мне пришли друзья. 6. Едва она исправила одну ошибку, как сделала вторую. 7. Едва закончилось собрание, как всех пригласили на концерт. 8. Не успела она закрыть окно, как началась гроза. 9. Едва они вышли на улицу, как ребенок заплакал. 10. Не успел выпасть снег, как дети начали играть в снежки. 11. Она была счастлива — она получила стипендию университета. 12. Не успела я намекнуть ей, как Лилиана угадала мой секрет. 13. Катя накупила массу вещей: было ясно, что она получила зарплату. 14. К тому времени, как я заглянула на кухню, мой муж уже вымыл посуду. 15. Вам понравился вчера спектакль? — Очень. Я так давно не был в театре.

Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences into Russian and then back into English.

1. We were very surprised. Nobody had known that he wrote verses. 2. By the time we returned they had already come to an agreement. 3. By the time we reached the narrow entrance to the bay the sun had gone down and the breeze had dropped. We had been walking for several hours and I could hardly drag my feet. 4. Since the beginning of the play he had been watching a dark-haired girl sitting in front of him. He had noticed her at once. 5. At last I wrote the letter I had been trying to write for weeks. 6. We had been walking too fast and I was out of breath. 7. I gave them lunch at 2 o'clock. They had been playing on the beach for hours and were ready for food. 8. He had known the girl since she was a small child and he had been managing her affairs since she came of age. 9. When the storm finally broke out we had already been trampling through the forest for hours. 10. We had been driving for several hours already when something on the front panel drew my attention. The temperature gauge (зд. стрелка термометра) was moving towards the hot line. The engine had begun to overheat. 11. It was a peaceful evening. We sat on the porch enjoying the sunset. Even the kids were quiet after they had spent hours on the beach hunting for shells. 12.I had commuted two

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hours each way before I moved to the city. 13. I had suffered the pain of a sore throat for two days before I went to see a doctor. By the time I arrived at his office I had been exhausted. 14. The odor Roosevelt had shown interest in conservation long before he became President of the United States. 15. The amplifier had sounded strange for several hours before it stopped working.

Ex. 7. Translate into English.

1. Он сказал, что изучает английский три года. 2. Они плыли 10 дней, когда, наконец, увидели землю. 3. Он сказал, что работает в этой лаборатории с тех пор, как закончил институт. 4. Когда часы пробили 10, она ждала меня уже полчаса. 5. Кристина сказала, что любит Эндрю с тех пор, как в первый раз увидела его. 6.Им было жарко, и они устали. Они все утро играли в футбол. 7. Он сказал, что давно наблюдает за этой командой, и она ему всегда нравилась. 8. Мы не могли выйти, так как всю ночь шел дождь. 9. Она танцевала гораздо лучше. Вероятно, брат учил ее. 10. Я почти два часа искал свой учебник, когда он позвонил и сказал, что нашел мой учебник у себя в портфеле. 11. К тому времени, как мы добрались до леса, дождь уже прекратился и ярко светило солнце. 12. Дети старались не смотреть друг на друга. Они опять поссорились. 13. Я посмотрел в окно. Ночью опять шел дождь. 14. Я очень обрадовалась, увидев эту книгу, я давно пыталась найти ее. 15. В комнате пахло табаком. Кто-то там курил.

Ex. 8. Insert articles where necessary.

Sunday always began with ... Bible story, followed by ... breakfast of ... baked beans.

After ... breakfast... children studied their Sunday school-lessons, and then they drove

to... church, which was ... good mile off. It was ... large, old-fashioned church, with ...

galleries and ... long pews with ... high red-cushioned seats. After ... church came ...

Sunday-school, and then they went home to ... dinner, which was always the same on

Sunday — ... cold beef, ... baked potatoes, and ... rice pudding. They did not go to ...

church in ... afternoon, but listened to ... reading of ... Sunday Visitors, ... religious paper,

of which Katy was ... editor. On ... whole, Sunday was ... sweet and pleasant day, and ...

kids thought so too and put themselves to ... bed peaceful and happy.

Ex. 9. Translate into English.

1.Если ты будешь так медленно одеваться, то опоздаешь в школу.

2.— А в госпитале есть лаборатория? — Конечно. 3. Его отправили в тюрьму за воровство. 4. Дорога в школу шла через поле. 5. На

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кровати сидел малыш и хныкал. 6. Боюсь, что на следующей неделе меня не будет в городе. 7. Она преподает физику в средней школе. 8. Если не заплатите долги, то придется отправить вас в тюрьму. 9. Давай повесим картину над кроватью. 10. Если плохо себя чувствуешь, то оставайся в постели. 11. Не могу понять людей, которые завтракают в постели. 12. Это очень маленький городок с церковью, больницей, тюрьмой и двумя школами. 13. Стены тюрьмы были так высоки, что ничего нельзя было увидеть. 14. Город становился все больше, и людям нужна была новая церковь. 15. Многие люди по воскресеньям ходят в церковь.

Unit 43

The Past Perfect Progressive Tense. Adjectives as Adverbs

Ex. 1. Practise the Past Perfect Progressive Tense according to the model.

Model 1:He was short of breath, he (run all the way). — He was short of breath, as he had been running all the way.

1. His hands were dirty (work in the garden). 2. She did very well in the examinations (study hard through the term). 3. He was behind the class (not study properly). 4. Her eyes were red (cry). 5. She got used to his strange ways (live together for a long time). 6. She looked half asleep (rest). 7. She kept silent for some minutes (think over his words). 8. Everybody was laughing (Peter tell his funny stories). 9. They were very excited (argue for a long time). 10. The meteorite came closest to the Earth yesterday (approach our planet for the last two months). 11. I had blisters on my heels (wear my new shoes all day). 12. He suffered from allergy. The trees (bloom for the last month).

Model 2: They drove for 3 hours. Then they stopped. — After they had been driving for 3 hours, they stopped for lunch.

1. We walked for an hour. Then we understood that we had taken the wrong road. 2. He waited for her for an hour. Then he went away. 3. He worked at the laboratory for 4 years. Then he changed his job. 4.I thought the matter over for some time. Then I took a decision. 5. He looked through the latest papers and magazines for some time. Then he sat down to his report. 6. She watched television late into the night. Then she could not sleep. 7. He studied English for 3 years. Then he went to England. 8. He lived in St. Petersburg up to 1995. Then he moved to Moscow. 9. I played basketball for five hours.

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Then my muscles were sore. 10. They tried to solve this problem for the last three weeks. Then they found the solution. 11. I did not sleep well for several days. Then during the game my coordination was not very good.

Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences using the Past Perfect or the Past Perfect Progressive Tenses.

couldn't rewind the film in my camera and after some unsuccessful attempts I realized

that ... . 12. The children had stomach ache because ....

Ex. 3. Make up situations with the following phrases, using the Past Perfect or the Past Perfect Progressive Tenses.

... but when I came there ...

... but when we reached the station ...

... but when he arrived home ...

... but before I could say a word ...

... but when the police arrived ...

... but when the car disappeared ...

... but when we came, the game ...

... but when she opened her eyes ...

... but when he turned his head ...

... but when they woke up ...

... but when he realized his mistake...

... but when she at last made up her mind

Ex. 4. Develop the given clause into a complex or a compound sentence.

Model: It was snowing hard. The temperature had been gradually falling and soon it was snowing hard.

Or: It was snowing hard so the children had taken out their sleds. Or: The weather had suddenly changed and it was snowing hard.

1. ... he had gone skating ... . 2. ... she had been sleeping for 2 hours ... . 3. ... they were walking home .... 4. ... we got off the bus ....

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Ex. 5. Translate into English.

1. He успел он отойти и двух шагов от дома, как очутился лицом к лицу с Диком, который ждал его у крыльца уже десять минут. 2. Прежде чем он приехал к нам, он путешествовал по всей стране (throughoun the country). 3. Он сказал, что они поднимут этот вопрос только после того, как обговорят все сами. 4. Прежде чем он приехал в Манчестер, он воспитывался в семье священника. Он ходил в школу с кузеном, который был на два месяца его старше. 5. Он еще раз перечитал то, что написал. 6. После обеда он отправился навестить друзей. Они условились о встрече еще накануне. 7. К тому времени как мы вернулись, они уже пришли к соглашению. 8. К полуночи она уже потеряла всякую надежду увидеть его и начала обзванивать больницы. 9. Я узнал, что ничего не было сделано, хотя я и оставил подробные инструкции. 10. Он абсолютно уверен, что видел этого человека раньше. 11. Я знала, что он был прав; он был прав с самого начала. 12. Не успел чайник закипеть, как она его тут же выключила. 13. Он свернул налево на перекрестке. Он был в этом доме прежде и хорошо знал дорогу. 14. Пейзаж, который он увидел напомнил ему о небольшом прибрежном городке на Средиземном море, где он отдыхал несколько лет назад. 15. В тот год он совершил поступок, который, как я думал, я никогда не смогу совершить. 16. Мы понимали, что они победили в этой игре случайно.

Ex. 6. Translate into English.

Я только что закончил читать забавный рассказ о человеке по имени Дженнингс. В течение многих лет он просыпался в шесть часов, садился на свой старый велосипед, чтобы сэкономить на билете на автобус, и приезжал на работу на час раньше. Весь день он выписывал счета своим аккуратным почерком. После десяти лет безупречной службы он поднялся от должности младшего помощника клерка до старшего помощника клерка. Однажды Дженнингс не вышел на работу. Его начальник, который в течение многих лет немилосердно гонял его, нашел на столе Дженнингса записку, которую тот написал.

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«Многие годы я добросовестно работал в вашем отделе. Многие годы вы грубо разговаривали со мной, вы даже кричали на меня, вы пытались подавить меня (break my spirit). Я получил наследство и купил эту компанию. Вы уволены!»

Ex. 7. Choose between the adjective and the adverb in each of the following sentences.

1. That looks (bad, badly). 2. The room looks (different, differently) since you painted the walls. 3. He remained (happy, happily) at home. 4. Your offer sounds (delightful, delightfully). 5. We are (near, nearly) ready to go. 6. Don't say anything. She feels (awkward, awkwardly) enough. 7. Can we put the flowers over there? These flowers smell too (sweet, sweetly) to my taste. 8. He looked at the children (tender, tenderly). 9. You made it really (easy, easily) for us. 10. The situation seemed (improper, improperly) to express my feelings. 11. Chuck felt (terrible, terribly) about missing his son's game. 12. She is thinking quite (serious, seriously) about changing her career. 13. The pie tastes (delicious, deliciously) with a bit of ice-cream. 14. My brother adds very (quick, quickly). 15. The old dog walked (lazy, lazily) towards me.

Ex. 8. Translate into English.

1. Дорога в школу была плохая. 2. На кровати сидел ребенок и читал книжку. 3. Я думаю, что его не будет в городе на следующей неделе. 4. Она работает в средней школе. 5. Мистера Доррита в тюрьму за долги. 6. А теперь тебе лучше лечь в постель? Над кроватью висела картина. 8. Тюрьма была разрушена в 1822 году. 9. Ты давно в городе? 10. Он подошел к кровати и взглянул на ребенка. 11. Церковь была полна людей. 12. Люди ходят в церковь молиться. 13. За что его посадили в тюрьму? 14. Почему ты прячешь свои игрушки под кроватью, Катя? 15. Он родился в маленьком южном городке.

Unit 44

The Future in the Past. The Sequence of Tenses

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences using the Perfect Progressive Tense forms.

1. Мы пользуемся этой машиной в течение трех лет. Она действовала безотказно (прекрасно). 2. Я весь день сегодня думаю о том, что скажу, когда мы приедем к ним. 3. — Почему вы так взволнованы? — У нас был спор. 4. Этот человек идет за нами всю дорогу

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