Text 4. Lightning

The lightning flash is certainly the earliest manifestation of electricity known to man, although for a long time nobody knew that lightning and atmospheric electricity are one and the same thing. Indeed, for thousands of years people knew nothing about thunderstorms. However, they saw long sparks falling from the dark sky and heard thunder. They knew that these sparks could kill people or strike their houses and destroy them. Trying to understand that dangerous phenomenon, they imagined things and invented numerous stories.

Take the early Scandinavians as an example! They thought that thunderstorms were produced by Thor, the god of thun­der. Besides his throwing both thunder and lightning at some people, he was a hammer-thrower. According to the story, his powerful hammer had the property of always coming back to his hands after it had been thrown. The fifth day of the week, that is Thursday, was named after him. A story like that invented by those early Scandinavians could be also heard from other peoples.

However, time flies. Thunderstorms have long stopped being a problem that scientists tried to solve. All know, at present, that lightning is a very great flash of light resulting from a discharge of atmospheric electricity either between charged clouds or between a charged cloud and the earth.

Even now some people do not like being out during a thunderstorm. Dark clouds cover the sky, turning day into night. There are lightning flashes followed by thunder which can be heard for kilometres around. Needless to say, there is always some danger in a thunderstorm for a very high building or a man standing in the open field.

Many years ago people learned to protect their houses from thunderstorms. Coming down from a charged cloud to the earth, lightning usually strikes the nearest conductor. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an easy path along which electrones are conducted to the earth. That Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning conductor is a well-known fact. The lightning conductor, familiar to anybody at present, is a metal device protecting building from lightning strokes by conducting the electrical charges to the earth.

Franklin’s achievements in the field of electricity were known to Lomonosov who, in his turn, made experiments of his own. Among other scientific problems that Lomonosov studied was also that of atmospheric electricity. It greatly interested both Lomonosov and his friend Professor Rihman. Both of them tried to solve the problem in question. They . made numerous experiments and observations without thinking of the possible danger. In order to get better results Rihman constructed the first electrical measuring device in the world. However, making experiments of that kind was so dangerous that Professor Rihman was killed by a stroke of lightning during one of his observations.

As for Franklin’s well-known kite experiment, you will find it in the following lesson.

Notes to the text:

1) both … and – как … так и

2) according to – согласно, в соответствии с

3) to name after – называть в честь

4) time flies – время летит

5) to solve a problem – решать проблему, задачу

6) at present – в данное время

7) to result from – происходить в результате

8) either … or – или … или, либо … либо

9) needless to say – не говоря уже о …, не приходится и говорить

10) lightning stroke – удар молнии, грозовой разряд

11) in the field – в области

12) in question – о котором идет речь

13) in order to – чтобы

14) as for – что касается

Assignment 6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Gerund.

1) We didn’t know about his being sent to the power station.

2) I remember my having told her about the experiment.

3) His having asked such a question shows that he did not prepare the text.

4) We know of different experiments being made in this laboratory.

5) Your having been sent to Moscow was known to everybody.

6) Besides his throwing both thunder and lightning at some people, he was a hammer – thrower.

7) Thunderstorms have long stopped being a problem that scientists tried to solve.

8) Even now some people do not like being out during a thunderstorm.

9) The lightning conductor is a metal device protecting buildings from lightning strokes by conducting the electrical charges to the earth.

Assignment 7. Complete the following sentences using the Gerund according to the model given below.

Model: When will you finish(to read) …?

When will you finish reading this English book?

1) Do you like (to go) ...?

2) My friend never thought of (to become) ... .

3) This is the device for (to turn) ... .

4) Excuse me for (to be late) ... .

5) Why are you translating a scientific article without (to read) ... ?

6) We went to the cinema instead of (to watch) ... .

7) An electric lamp is used for (to light) ... .

8) We began (to translate) the article after (to read) ... .

Assignment 8. Translate the following sentences using the Gerund.

1) Использование новых материалов способствует дальнейшему техническому прогрессу.

2) При объяснении физического явления преподаватель сделал несколько опытов.

3) Увеличение производства энергии необходимо.

4) Изобретатель был против изменения конструкции этого устройства.

5) Увидев прибор в действии, студенты решили, что он надежен.

6) Мы закончили обсуждать эту проблему к концу недели.

Assignment 9. Form verbs from the following nouns:

observation, achievement, protection, production, installation, operation, application, development, heat, generator, inventor.

Use the verbs formed from the nouns given above in your own sentences.

Assignment 10. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words.

a. 1) My friend’s son looks like his father.

2) You may take any device you like.

3) Some liquids have like properties.

4) Steel like iron is widely used in industry.

5) A steam turbine is like any other turbine but it is turned by steam.

6) We did not like the film that we saw yesterday.

7) Did you like the story that you heard at the lesson yesterday?

b) 1) Lightning is an atmospheric phenomenon that greatly interested some scientists of the past.

2) That the Earth revolves about the Sun is known to everybody.

3) It is quite possible that in future coal may be replaced by nuclear fuel.

4) Atomic energy can serve people but we must never forget that that energy can also destroy the world.

5) When an object loses its potential energy that energy is turned into kinetic energy.

6) The operation of the motor is quite different from that of the generator.

7) Everybody knows that the Earth is round.

8) The climate in Moscow is better than that in London.

9) The film that we saw yesterday was very interesting.

Assignment 11. Answer the following questions.

1) What is the earliest manifestation of electricity?

2) Are lightning and atmospheric electricity one and the same thing?

3) What did the early Scandinavians think about thunderstorms?

4) What is lightning?

5) Why don’t you like to be out during a thunderstorm?

6) How do people protect their houses from thunderstorms?

7) What does lightning usually strike?

8) Who invented the lightning conductor?

9) What did Lomonosov do to solve the problem of atmospheric electricity?

10) Who constructed the first electrical measuring device in the world?

Assignment 12. Speak on the story told by the early Scandinavians.

Assignment 13. Make an outline of the text.

Assignment 14. Read Text 4A and translate into Russian.