3. Look at two web pages from an on-line translator below. What do they illustrate? Does political correctness pose any difficulties for translators and interpreters?
4. What is political correctness? Does the term ‘political correctness’ overlap with ‘euphemism’? What is the difference?
The use of political language modification has a history in satire and comedy. One of the earlier, and most well-known, satirical takes on this movement can be found in the book Politically Correct Bedtime Stories by James Finn Gardner, in which traditional fairy tales are rewritten from an exaggeratedly-PC viewpoint. The roles of good and evil in these PC stories are often the reverse of those in the original versions, with the goal of showing that political correctness ignores or inverts morality.
1) Read an extract from J.F. Gardner’s Politically Correct Bedtime Stories. Underline the words and expressions which are exaggeratedly politically correct. What do they stand for? Why?
Snow White Once there was a young princess who was not at all unpleasant to look at and had a temperament that many found to be more pleasant than most other people’s. Her nickname was Snow White, indicating of the discriminatory notions of associating pleasant or attractive qualities with light, and unpleasant or unattractive qualities with darkness. Thus, at an early age Snow White was an unwilling if fortunate target for this type of colorist thinking. (From Politically Correct Bedtime Stories by J.F. Gardner. - New York, Toronto, Oxford, Singapore, Sydney, 1994.)
2) Is it a good idea to rewrite famous works of literature to make them more politically correct? Discuss with your class.
READING 1. The World of DOUBLESPEAK
1. You are going to read an article The World of doublespeak by William Lutz.
What is doublespeak? Who might use it? Why?
Read the definition from Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Were you right?
DOUBLESPEAK. Language that diverts attention from, or conceals, a speaker's true meaning, or from what is on the speaker's mind, making the bad seem good, and the unpleasant attractive or at least tolerable. It seeks to avoid, shift, or deny responsibility, and ultimately prevents or limits thought. Doublespeak can be discussed in terms of euphemism, bureaucratese, jargon, and inflated language.
2. Read the article and write out the examples of doublespeak and their meanings.
William Lutz is a professor of English at Rutgers University in Camden and the author of a number of books on language, including The New Doublespeak: Why No One Knows What Anyone's Saying Anymore. He is also a language consultant to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and to a bevy of private businesses.
The world of doublespeak
Farmers no longer have cows, pigs, chickens, or other animals on their farms: according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, farmers have grain-consuming animal units. Attentive observers of the English language also learned recently that the multibillion dollar stock market crash of 1987 was simply a fourth quarter equity retreat, that airplanes don't crash, they just have uncontrolled contact with the ground; and that President Reagan wasn't really unconscious while he underwent minor surgery, he was just in a non-decision-making form. In other words, doublespeak continues to spread as the official language of public communication.
Doublespeak is a blanket term for language which pretends to communicate but doesn't, language which makes the bad seem good, the negative appear positive, the unpleasant attractive, or at least tolerable. It is language which avoids, shifts, or denies responsibility, language which is at variance with its real meaning.
We know that a toothbrush is still a toothbrush even if the advertisements on television call it a home plaque removal instrument, and even that nutritional avoidance therapy means a diet. But who would guess that a volume-related production schedule adjustment means closing an entire factory in the doublespeak of General Motors, or that energetic disassembly means an explosion in a nuclear power plant in the doublespeak of the nuclear power industry?
The euphemism, an inoffensive or positive word or phrase designed to avoid a harsh, unpleasant, or distasteful reality, can at times be doublespeak. But the euphemism can also be a tactful word or phrase; for example, "passed away" functions not just to protect the feelings of another person but also to express our concern for another's grief. A euphemism used to mislead or deceive, however, becomes doublespeak.
Jargon, the specialized language of a trade or profession, allows colleagues to communicate with each other c early, efficiently, and quickly. Indeed, it is a mark of membership to be able to use and understand the group's jargon. But it can also be doublespeak - pretentious, obscure, and esoteric terminology used to make the simple appear complex, and not to express but impress. Lawyers and tax accountants speak of an involuntary conversion of property when discussing the loss or destruction of property through theft, accident, or condemnation. So, if your house burns down, or your car is stolen or destroyed in an accident, you have, in legal jargon, suffered an involuntary conversion of your property.
A final kind of doublespeak is simply inflated language. Car mechanics may be called automotive internists, elevator operators members of the vertical transportation corps; grocery checkout clerks career associate scanning professionals. When a company initiates a career alternative enhancement program, it is really laying off 5000 workers; a negative patient care outcome means that the patient died.
These last examples should make it clear that doublespeak is not the product of careless language or sloppy thinking. Indeed, serious doublespeak is carefully designed and constructed to appear to communicate but in fact to mislead. Such language is highly strategic, and it breeds suspicion, cynicism, distrust and, ultimately, hostility. If we really believe that we understand doublespeak and think that it communicates, we are in deep trouble.
(From The World of Doublespeak by William Lutz)