Использование форм сослагательного наклонения
Past Subjunctive, Past Perfect Subjunctive
should (would) + Indefinite (or Perfect) Infinitive
Ex. 1 Translate the sentences into Russian and analyse the forms of the Subjunctive Mood.
1. If the model fits well, the observed data will be correct.
One will easily calculate he volume, if he knows the dimensions of the body.
Provided one knows the rate of the emission, one can determine the range of the particles.
This states that if a is included in b, then everything that is in both a and b is the whole of b.
Unless the cathode C is water cooled, it will overheat and emit gases.
If you should see him, ask him to wait.
If there should be a solution for this problem, it will be of great importance for applied math.
If the content of this volume should prove of any assistance to the students, the author will feel amply rewarded.
If the force x be increased by the factor z, all the velocities will be increased.
If the distance to the star be known, its candle power can be judged from its apparent brightness.
If the available information be reliable, the conclusions will be drawn on its basis.
If you will wait a few minutes, the Dean will see you without your making appointment.
We’ll catch the earlier train if you will drive us to the station.
b) 1. It wouldn’t do you any harm if you did this exercise a second time.
You would never say he is ill-natured if you knew him better.
If this book were more interesting, it would be in greater demand.
If my friend were in Moscow now, he could show me round the city.
If you studied English, you would pass the exam the next semester.
c) 1. If I had known that you would be hurt I would never have told you about it.
2. If my grandfather had had a chance to study, he would have been a great man, I am sure.
3. I had to walk from the station. If I had had more money on me, I could have hired a taxi.
4. If he had come a minute later, he would have missed the train.
5. They would have succeeded in operating this program, if the appropriate software had been installed.
d) 1. He would feel very much hurt if you failed to come to his birthday party.
2. I could have tried to cheer her up if I had known that she was in trouble.
3. If by chance the weather were fine tomorrow, I would wear this suit.
4. If I came across a plain blue dress while shopping I shouldn’t hesitate to buy it.
5. If you had studied properly last year, you wouldn’t have made those mistakes.
6. If Mr. Smith were more experienced, he would work better.
Ex. 2. Change the subordinate clauses omitting the conjunction if :
If I were in Moscow now, I should also be able to hear the famous Italian singer.
You shouldn’t make these foolish mistakes if you were more attentive to your work.
If that engineer had had a greater sense of responsibility, this question wouldn’t have been under consideration so long.
This question would have been raised long ago if they had attended to the matter properly.
If there had been many schools in the area, the Burnells would not have sent their girls to mix with poor children.
Ex. 3. Translate into Russian
They would have reached the top of the mountain before dark if they had started yesterday.
I should come and see you off if I didn’t live so far away.
If I had had no luggage we should have walked home.
If the weather hadn’t been so bad, the plane would have taken off at ten o’clock.
If three machines were ordered the price would be reduced.
If I had known it I could have helped them.
They could have reached the town earlier if they had walked faster.
Had I time I should learn French.
The accident might not have occurred had they been more careful.
Should he come ask him to wait.
Had they called at the office yesterday, they wouldn’t have found me there.
Were I in his place I should refuse to go there.
Were he in town he would help us.
I should be very grateful if you would send me the application form to submit.
If they should meet him, they would invite him to the meeting.
He would be obliged if you would read his project and write a recommendation.
Where have you been all this time? You might have phoned us!
If they had come to see her! She wouldn’t have left forever.
He felt as if he had travelled a great many miles to be ignored like this.
It was as if they doubted whether he had the money to pay for his meal.
Right or wrong. That’s what she talks about. As if she knew.
Ex. 4. Translate into Russian paying attention to tense forms following wish.
I wish I could speak several foreign languages.
She began to wish she hadn’t said it.
I wish I had a car of my own.
I wish you would be more careful in future.
He wished he had told them all the truth.
I wish I could help you.
We wish you wouldn’t bring your friends to our house at two o’clock in the morning.
She suddenly wished she were at home and in bed.
Ex. 5. Translate from Russian into English.
Жаль, что я последовал его совету.
Жаль, что я не последовал его совету,
Жаль, что вы ушли так рано.
Он пожалел, что пришел.
Он пожалел, что не пришел.
Я жалею, что пригласил ее.
Я жалею, что не пригласил ее.
Мне очень хотелось бы, чтобы мы посмотрели выставку вместе.
Жаль, что тебя не будет на конференции.
Как жаль, чтобы мы не купили этот альбом в Сан-Франциско.
Ex. 6. Rewrite these sentences using It’s high time.
It’s getting late. We ought to be leaving.
Please, hurry up!
He should be aware of these rules by now.
Jim should find himself a regular job.
Jack hasn’t finished his speech. Everybody is bored to death.
You’re not a child! You ought to know the difference between the joke and insult.
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Ex. 7. In the dialogue below, put the words in brackets in an appropriate form of the subjunctive mood.
Mary: I wish we (1. not to have) to go out tonight, but we have no choice. I (2. to like) to stay in and watch television. If only your boss (3. not to invite) us!
John: I know, but it’s important. It (4. to be) bearable if he (5. not to speak) all night about how wonderful his children are, but he always does. He talks as if they (6. to be) angels, and they are absolutely horrible!
Mary: Listen! Suppose we (7. to call) them and (8. to say) that our car is out of order.
John: No, I’d rather we (9. to go). Just try to look as if you (10. to enjoy) yourself.
Jim: Hello, dear. You look as if you (11. to need) a drink. What’s the matter?
Liz: It’s Annie at the office. She behaves as though she (12. to be) the only who knows how to work. I (13. not to mind) if she (14. to listen) to other people sometimes!
Jim: What if you just (15. to ignore) her? Do you think that (16. to work)?
Liz: That (17. to work) if she (18. to have) any brains, and she hasn’t!
Jim: Liz, I wish you (19. to calm down) a little. There’s no need to worry.
Rita: I was given three new projects today. As if I (20. not to have) enough to do already! I had to accept them, but I really wish I (21. to refuse).
Bill: What (22. to happen) if you (23. to refuse)?
Rita: They (24. to fire) me. And I think this (25. to be) better for me!
Bill: Don’t get mad! I wish you (26. to calm down) a bit.
Rita: If only I (27. can)! The boss makes me work as if he (28. to pay) me a hundred thousand, and it’s only thirty-five!
Review
Ex. 1. Open the parentheses using the Subjunctive Mood.
It is essential that this method (to be recommended).
If the distance between two points (to be the same, no further experiments (to be necessary).
I wrote down the figures of the experiment lest I (to forget) them.
In former case a suitable notation (to be).
In order that the second equation (to be satisfied), we must have the following condition.
It is important that we (to consider) carefully the actual observations.
They feared lest something (to be wrong) with the program.
If you (to know) the character of the forces acting on the rocket, you (determine) easily the path of the rocket relative to the earth’s surface.
He suggested that the details of the exact relationship between the resulting change in motion and the applied forces (to be considered) in a later chapter.
It is desirable that the moving body under consideration (to be idealized) as a particle.
The discussion here will be limited to a single particle, so it will be assumed in every case that the body in question can be treated as if it (to be) a particle.
If we imagine a man walking on the floor of the rotating merry-go-round, he (to have) certain relative velocity and acceleration components with respect to the axes painted on the floor and different absolute velocity and acceleration components referred to axes fastened to the earth.
If t (not to be) required to be a regular coordinate, we could set t=z, provided that there (to be) a single value of z for each point on the curve and vice versa.
Ex. 2. Complete the following sentences using the Subjunctive Mood.
The work might have taken less time if …
It is required that all the laws …
Unless computer techniques had been developed…
I’ll dictate the results slowly lest you…
But for his advice…
It seems as if …
It is important that…
Without undertaking an analysis of the problem, we…
We might suppose that a system …
The meaning of this statement is clear provided that…
An explanation would be necessary if…
It is suggested that…
It is desirable that…
Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
But for the luminosity of this substance it would be difficult to detect its properties.
But for the radio-astronomy, we should have never made the remarkable discoveries in the Universe.
Had he taken into account the properties of the substance under investigation, he would have been careful when working with it.
Should your work meet these conditions, it will be of great service to our laboratory.
Had it not been for their help we should have failed in our work.
Were the origin of this set of axes at the centre of gravity of the earth it would be immediately evident that the origin of this coordinate system was moving through space at high speed and that the direction in which the axes pointed was continually changing with time.
Should the content of this book prove of any assistance to the students the author will feel amply rewarded.
Were we to consider the so-called fixed stars and arrange a set of axes to continue to point in the direction of certain pre-selected stars while the earth underwent its rotation about its axis and its revolution about the sun, we might possibly have a set of axes which could be considered fixed.
But for his discovery we should have insufficient knowledge concerning the motion of this star.
Were condition clear enough, and were our telescope sufficiently powerful, in whatever direction we looked, we should see ourselves.
Were the speed of the rocket equal to that of light, its mass would be infinite.
Had they not been verified by the experiment it would have been risky to answer these question by a simple “yes” or “no”.
Were we to take a very small part of Poincare’s universe, the temperature would change very little within this small part.
Ex. 4. Analyse the forms and the meaning of the Subjunctive Mood. Translate the sentences into Russian.
They would like to have a precise definition.
“I wish I were able to derive the rest of the phenomena of nature by the same kind of reasoning, from mechanical principles”, said Newton.
The earth itself behaves as if it were an enormous but weak magnet.
It is desirable that these conditions be satisfied.
It is necessary that A contain infinitely many elements.
If, however, we had to defined the open sets to be only the sets Q and E axioms 5 would not have been satisfied, and the space E would not be a Housdorf space.
In order that a vertex of this system be a boundary vertex it is necessary and sufficient that it lie on the boundary of the set B.
For if this were not so, we should have f(x)=g(x)at all points of continuity of the functions.
We would also have a similar notation if the function were defined by different analytic expressions on different subintervals of the interval [a, b].
If S were another transformation with the same property, then ST-1 would leave the points 0, 1, invariant.
This term would be more appropriate but it is too long a phrase.
We will require that an element always be a member of some set, and all sets under discussion be subsets of some given set.
Were there no computers, we would not be able to do a lot of things we are capable of doing today.
In order that the relation might be valid two conditions should be observed.
The temperature must be increased in order that the process should reach its normal state.
Of course the waves might have been discovered if Maxwell had not predicted them from his mathematical theory of electricity, and magnetism, but they were not so discovered.
If a periodic function be plotted as a graph, the pattern of the graph falls into repetition of one subpattern, such as the part from O to P.
What Riemann did was to generalize Gauss’s notion of curvature so that it should be applied also to three-dimensional space.
It is necessary that we specify not only the unit to be employed in the measurement but also the initial value or starting point from which we measure.
An observer destined to spend his whole life in the rotating room? And to perform all his experiments there would have laws of mechanics different from ours.
Le Landau suggested that the theory of electromagnetic field should be stated in terms of variational principles for the latter formulations.
For the reason of economy it is also advisable that the postulates be independent, in the sense no one of them is a logical consequence of the others.
It would take a long book to describe all the outstanding contributions of Gauss to mathematics both pure and applied.
In the universe of one dimension if you kept on walking, you would come back where you started.
At first glance one might suppose that the radii of the shrinking circles approach zero.
Operationalism suggests that concepts always should be defined in terms of operations.
We have suggested that be estimated with the sample mean, but X is only on of a number of statistics that could be used.
If we were asked to determine the average IQ 5intelligence Quotient) of a sizable group of people, we would have the choice of either making a complete survey or setting for an estimate based on a sample.
If we tested them all there would be no need for a generalization but if we tested a few and clamed that their average intelligence is the average intelligence of the entire group, we would be making an inductive generalization.
One might seek the probability that a positive integer drawn at random be even.
Had we made no hypothesis about the value of g, the proof might have been arranged differently.
Ex. 5. Read and translate the text. Pay attention to the Subjunctive Mood.
The Type Determination Problem
If a compiler could predict the range of values that variables may take on during the execution of a program, it could utilize the information to produce simpler and more effective code to carry out the operations indicated by the program. For example, if the statement I J + K occurred somewhere in the text on APL program, and the compiler could determine that J and K would always be bound to scalar integer values for every execution of this statement, then the compiler could generate code that would use a simple machine instruction to add the values of J and K (rather than calling a generalized addition routine), and could allocate a single word for I in which to place the result. Moreover, if a global check showed that I never takes on any values other than those of scalar integers, then the compiler could allocate I at compile time.
Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the Subjunctive Mood.
Если бы этот закон выполнялся, мы бы получили следующее выражение.
Если бы мы воспользовались этими рассуждениями, можно было бы сказать, что точка М достигает А в момент t.
Он боялся, чтобы это не привело к противоречию.
Кантор предложил, чтобы было введено общее понятие мощности и разработаны основы отбражения и сравнения множеств.
Важно, чтобы автор давал более точные формулировки.
Задача в таком случае свелась бы к нахождению наибольшего значения выражения.
Даже если ограничиться прямой линией, то и тогда общее понятие меры представляло бы значительные трудности.
Необходимо ввести геометрические меры наиболее простых подмножеств пространства.
В этом случае мы бы ограничились введением для некоторых множеств меры, называемой мерой Лебега.
Абель предложил, чтобы была использована структура нескольких конкретных классов разрешимых групп.
Чтобы разрешимость имела место, необходимо и достаточно, чтобы соответствующая группа Галуа была разрешима.
Исторяи алгебры XIX в. была бы неполной, если бы мы не упомянули формирование линейной алгебры.
Статистическое определение вероятности также было бы применимо в нашем случае.
Если бы попытаться создать искусственный мозг с таким же количеством полупроводниковых приборов, какое содержит мозг человека, то вся машина заняла бы объем около 10 тысяч кубических метров.
Для того, чтобы при данном положительном решении u-системы α-система имела положительное решение необходимо, чтобы выполнялось следующее равенство.
Таким образом, в случае выполнения условий теоремы, размерность задачи можно было бы понизить на единицу.
Если бы не этот пример, читателю было бы более понятно, о чем пойдет речь.
Ex. 7. Retell in English the content of the text below, paying attention to the use of the Subjunctive Mood.
Возможно ли в дальнейшем изобретать все более и более быстрые сигналы или же скорость их будет чем-нибудь ограничена? Ответ на этот вопрос очень важен. Если бы удалось когда-либо открыть мгновенно распространяющийся (propagating, spreading) сигнал, установление одновременности (simultaneity) событий даже в очень отдаленных (remote) друг от друга точках пространства не представляло бы затруднений и понятие одновременности было бы, конечно, один и тем же во всех системах отсчета. Но тогда невозможно было бы совместить (combine) установленную на опыте справедливость двух принципов – относительности (relativity) и независимости (independance) скорости света от движения источника. Поэтому Эйнштейн выдвинул гипотезу (put forth ; introduce) о приниципиальной возможности сигналов, которые распространялись бы от точки к точке быстрее, чем свет в вакууме.