- •Contents
- •От авторов
- •Section II etymological survey of the english word-stock
- •Section III morphological structure of the english word. Word-formation
- •Section IV lexical meaning as a linguistic category. Semantic analysis of words. Polysemy and homonymy
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section V semantic classification of words. Synonymy
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section VI lexical-phraseological combinability of words. Phraseological units
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section VII stylistic layers of the english vocabulary. Terminology
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section VIII regional varieties of the vocabulary.
- •Vocabulary of american english
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section IX lexicography
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Part II. Word analysis Section II
- •1. Group the following words according to their origin and state the degree of their assimilation.
- •2. Study the following doublets and explain how they differ in origin and meaning.
- •3. Study examples of borrowings to explain how adopting words from other languages depends on socio-cultural factors.
- •2. Discuss these words in terms of item and arrangement. How do these words demonstrate productive patterns of affixation in Modern English?
- •6. Write the words from which the following shortenings were formed.
- •7. Comment on the formation of these words.
- •8. Study the underlined words and identify the type of word-building.
- •9. Explain how the following units were formed.
- •1. Which of the underlined words is realized in a) nominative meaning, b) nominative-derivative meaning?
- •2. Analyze the word “rich” in terms of different types of meaning.
- •3. Read the text aloud. Provide lexicological explanation of the humorous effect produced by the poem. Spell checker
- •Section V
- •“Daddy, can I have a chocolate?” said the girl to her father.
- •2. These synonymic series are adduced in the English-Russian Dictionary of Synonyms (Moscow, 1979). Do these words satisfy the definition of synonyms?
- •1) Cold, cool, chilly, chil, frosty, frigid, freezing, icy, arctic;
- •2) Impatient, nervous, nervy, unquiet, uneasy, restless, restive, fidgety, feverish, jumpy, jittery.
- •1. Study the following examples of phraseological units and use them to describe V.V.Vinogradov’s classification. Phraseological combinations:
- •Phraseological unities:
- •Phraseological fusions:
- •2. Identify free and idiomatic word-combinations and give their Russian equivalents.
- •3. Match the following adjectives and nouns to give English equivalents of the following Russian word-combinations. Can the English phrases be described as free word-combinations? Why (why not)?
- •Section VII
- •1. Study the following words and their definitions. Say what peculiarities of these words make it possible to describe them as slang words.
- •2. Read the following sentences paying attention to the words and word combinations in italics. Say whether these words are literary colloquial or low colloquial.
- •4. Study the advertisement below; find 1) colloquial words, 2) neutral words, 3) terms, 4) learned words.
- •1. Use the material below to discuss the vocabulary of American English.
- •Americanisms Proper
- •Lexical analogues
- •4. Give lexicological analysis of the following humorous poem.
- •1. Choose one of the dictionaries from the given list.
- •3. The following text contains numerous vocabulary errors. Correct them and explain how (and what kind of) dictionaries can help students of English to avoid such mistakes. Expensive Mary
- •Topics for discussion
- •References
Part II. Word analysis Section II
1. Group the following words according to their origin and state the degree of their assimilation.
Caftan, lilac, canoe, operetta, machine, vanilla, waltz, skipper, guerilla, verst, algebra, caravan, jungle, law, mule, chocolate, telephone, dollar, khaki, artel, wigwam, mazurka, pagoda, cannibal, kangaroo, taboo, chimpanzee, maize, gorilla, tobacco, verandah, beryl, chauffeur, beauty, umbrella, squaw, devil, school, nun, anchor.
2. Study the following doublets and explain how they differ in origin and meaning.
1. abbreviate – abridge 4. balm – balsam
fragile – frail hospital – hostel, hotel
2. artist – artiste pauper – poor
liquor – liqueur legal – loyal
rout – route 5. screw – shrew
suit – suite nay – no
3. whit – white 6. ward – guard
of – off wage – gage
3. Study examples of borrowings to explain how adopting words from other languages depends on socio-cultural factors.
Celtic – names of the rivers: Avon, Exe, Esk, Usk, Ux; the name of the capital-London (fortress on the hill over the river); street (Lat. Strata via), wall (Lat. Vallum).
Scandinavian – call, take, cast, husband, window, ill, low, weak; sky, skill, skin, ski, skirt.
Latin – the first layer (the first century B.C.): butter, cheese, cup, kitchen, mill, part, wine; pea, beet, pepper, pear, plum, cherry.
The second layer (the seventh century A.D.): priest, bishop, monk, nun, candle; school, scholar, magister.
The third layer (the Renaissance period): datum, status, phenomenon, philosophy, method, music.
French – Norman French borrowings (11-13 centuries):
Administrative terms: administration, state, government, power, parliament, council.
Legal terms: court, judge, justice, crime, prison.
Military terms: army, war, soldier, officer, battle.
Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, science, pen, pencil.
Terms of everyday life: table, plate, saucer, dinner, supper, autumn, uncle.
Parisian French borrowings (the Renaissance Period): regime, routine, police, machine, ballet, matinee, scene technique.
Greek – atom , cycle, ethics, esthet.
Italian – piano, violin, opera, alarm, colonel.
Russian – droshky, knout, ukase, schee, isvoschik, sputnik, perestroika, khozraschot, pryzhok.
Section III
1. Study the following table and use it in the analysis of derived words.
-
Productive
Non-Productive
Dead
Prefixes
Germanic
un-(unhappy)
after-(afterthought)
mis-(mispronounce)
over-(overlook)
under-(undergo)
Romanic
re-(reconstruct)
in-(incapable)
dis-(disappear)
post-(postwar)
Germanic
fore-(forehead)
with-(withstand)
Romanic
ab-(abnormal)
de-(descend)
Greek
poly-(polysyllable)
Germanic
an-(answer)
a-(aware)
Romanic
op-(oppress)
intro-(introduce)
Noun-forming suffixes
Germanic
-er (tracker)
-ing (feeling)
-ness (goodness)
-y (biography)
Romanic
-ess (poetess)
Greek
-ism (socialism)
Germanic
-th (breath)
-hood (boyhood)
-ship (friendship)
-ier (gondolier)
Romanic
-age (passage)
-ar (nuclear)
-ure (culture)
-
Adjective-forming suffixes
Germanic
-y (sexy)
-ish (greyish)
-ful (helpful)
-less (helpless)
-ed (themed)
-ing (charming)
Romanic
-able (eatable)
-al (logical)
Germanic
-fold (twofold)
-some (toothsome)
-ly (womanly)
Romanic
-ous (glorious)
-ary (necessary)
-ese (Chinese)
-
Verb-forming suffixes
Romanic
-ate (accreditate)
Greek
-ize (organize)
-ise (weaponise)
Germanic
-en (blacken)
Romanic
-fy (terrify)
-
Adverb-forming suffixes
Germanic
-ly (badly)
Germanic
-long (headlong)
-wise (otherwise)
-ward(s) (backward(s))
-