Індивідуальне завдання № 14

TASK 1. Read and translate the following text.

“NATO”

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) (also called the North Atlantic Alliance) is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, the organisation constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. During most of the duration of the Cold War, NATO maintained a pattern with no actual military engagement as an organization. They also signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

In 1978, NATO countries officially defined two complementary aims of the Alliance, to maintain security and pursue détente. This was supposed to mean matching defenses at the level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pact’s offensive capabilities without a further arms race. In 1979, in light of Warsaw Pact nuclear capabilities in Europe, ministers approved the deployment of U.S. cruise missilesand Pershing II nuclear weapons in Europe. The new warheads were also meant to strengthen the western negotiating position in regard to nuclear disarmament. This action led to peace movement protests throughout Western Europe.

The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 removed the de facto main adversary of NATO. This caused a strategic re-evaluation of NATO’s purpose, nature and tasks. In practice this ended up entailing a gradual expansion of NATO to Eastern Europe, as well as the extension of its activities to areas that had not formerly been NATO concerns.Yet the first post-Cold War expansion of NATO came with the reunification of Germany in 1990 though it was agreed that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the east. In 1997, three former socialist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO, which finally happened in 1999. And the process still goes on.

The first NATO military operation caused by the conflict in the former Yugoslavia ran in 1993–1996. It provided enforcement of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. A NATO bombing campaign began in August, 1995, against the Army of Republika Srpska. On 24 March 1999, NATO saw its first broad-scale military engagement in the Kosovo War, where it waged an 11-week bombing campaign.

The September 11 attacks caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in its history. The Article says that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all. NATO determined that the attacks were indeed under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty. The official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included: naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general.

TASK 2. Write down the Ukrainian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type and memorize them.

TASK 3. Using information from the Internet sites (e.g.htt://europa.eu) make a presentation (under 150 words) on international treaties.