- •Its aims and significance
- •Semasiology
- •Referential approach to meaning
- •Types of meaning
- •Grammatical meaning
- •Lexical meaning
- •Diachronic approach to polysemy
- •Synchronic approach to polysemy
- •Change of meaning
- •Causes of Semantic Change
- •Nature of Semantic Changes
- •Results of Semantic Change
- •Homonymy
- •Classification of homonyms
- •Arnold I.V.
- •And other linguists
- •II. R.S. Ginsburg and others
- •Intralinguistic relations of words
- •Conceptual (semantic) fields
- •Synonymy
- •Antonymy
- •Structure of word-groups
- •Meaning of word-groups
- •Motivation in word-groups
- •Classification of phraseological
- •Classification of phraseological units by a.I. Smirnitsky
- •Classification of phraseological units by
- •Some Debatable Points
- •Classification of phraseological units by a.V. Koonin
- •Word-structure
- •Principles of morphemic analysis
- •Classification of morphemes
- •The procedure of morphemic analysis
- •Morphemic types of words
- •Derivative structure
- •The main requirements to deivational analysis
- •Derivational bases
- •A derivational base differs from a morphological stem
- •Derivational аffiхеs
- •Semi-affixes
- •Derivational patterns
- •Derivational types of words
- •Word-formation
- •Various ways of forming words
- •Affixation
- •Prefixation
- •Classification of Prefixes
- •Suffixation
- •Classification of Suffixes
- •Polysemy and Homonymy
- •Synonymy
- •Productivity
- •Origin of Derivational Affixes
- •Conversion
- •"Stone-wall" problem
- •Typical Semantic Relations
- •1. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs).
- •II. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives)
- •Basic Criteria of Semantic Derivation
- •Word-composition
- •Structural meaning of the pattern
- •Classification
- •Means of composition
- •Local varieties in the british isles and in the usa
- •Main types of english dictionaries
Derivational bases
A derivational base is the constituent of a word to which a rule of word-formation is applied. It is the part of the word which establishes connection with the lexical unit that motivates the derivative and determines its individual lexical meaning. Eig., the individual lexical meaning of the words "singer", "writer", which denote active doers of. action, is signalled by the lexical meaning of the derivational bases: sing-, write-.
Structurally derivational basses fall into three classes:
1) bases that coincide with morphological stems of different degrees of complexity (dutiful, dutifully, daydreamer);
2} bases that coincide with word-forms (paper-bound);
3) bases that coincide with word-groups (flat-waisted)
A derivational base differs from a morphological stem
M Morphological stem (part of a word)
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Derivational Base (part of a word)
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forms of the word (e.g.,glass — glasses) 2) 2)Predicts the part-of-speech meani meaning of the word (glass n); 3) Stands for the whole semantic structure of the word, represents all the the lexical meanings of the word (glass |
1) The starting point for different words (e.g. glassful); 2} Does not predict the part-of-speech meaning of the word -(e.g. daydreamer);
word (glassful, glassy) drinking vessel ("glass", in "glassful") transparent substance (glass in "glassy")
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Derivational аffiхеs
Derivational affixes possess two basic functions:
1) that of stem-building, which is common to all affixational morphemes: derivational and non-derivational;
2) that of word-building, which is the function of repatterning a derivational base and building a lexical unit of a structural and semantic type different from, the one represented by the source unit. E.g., the derivational suffix-ness applied to different bases, shapes derived stems and makes new words (In "kindliness" the derivational suffix — ness repatterns the adjectival stem kindly — into the noun-stem "kindliness" and thus forms a noun — a new word. Non-derivational affixes shape only simple stems: -ish in "publish".
Non-derivational affixes lack the lexical type of meaning, whereas derivational affixes are characterized by a unity of lexical meaning, part-of-speech meaning and other types of meanings.
The lexical meaning in derivational affixes may be viewed at different levels.
The lexical meaning of a generic type proper not to an individual affix but to a set of affixes, forming a semantic subset. E.g., the meaning of resemblance found in the suffixes -ish, -like, -y, -ly (spiderish, spiderlike, spidery); the meaning of abstract quality conveyed by the suffixes -ness, -ity (blindness, equality).
Derivational affixes possess an individual lexical meaning shared by no other affix. E.g., the suffixes -ish, -like, -y all have the meaning of resemblance, but -like conveys an overall resemblance, -ish conveys likeness in the most typical qualities of the object; -y conveys likeness in outer shape, form, size of the object. Derivational affixes may be mono- and polysemantic.