The main requirements to deivational analysis

According to the derivative structure all words fall into two big classes: simple and derivatives.

Simple words are those which derivationally cannot be segmented into ICs. Morphemically simple words may be monomorphic in which case the stem of the words coincides with the free root-morpheme as in hand, come or polymorphic in which case the stem is a sequence of bound morphemes (theory, anxious).

The morphological stem of a word is the part of the word which takes on the system of grammatical inflections and remains unchanged throughout its paradigm.

Derivatives are words which depend on some other simpler lexical items that motivate them structurally and semantically. E.g. the meaning arid the structure of the derivative friendliness are understood through the comparison with the meaning and the structure of the source word friendly. Derivatives are secondary, motivated units, made up as a rule of two ICs, i.e. binary units. The basic units of the derivative structure of words are" derivational bases, derivational affixes and derivational patterns which differ from the units of the morphemic structure, i.e. different types of morphemes. The relations between words with a common root but of different derivative structure are known as derivative relations.

Derivative relations make the subject of study at the derivational level of analysis. The derivational analysis aims at establishing correlations between different types of words, the structural and semantic patterns the words are built on. The main requirements to the derivational analysis are as follows: 1) the analysis must reveal patterns observed in other words of the same language; 2) the stems obtained after the affix is taken away should correspond to a separate word; 3) the segregation of the derivational affix is based on proportional oppositions of words having the same affix with the same lexical and lexico-grammatical meaning. E.g. at the derivational level of analysis (the analysis into ICs) the adjective ungentlemanly is opposed not to ungentleman (such word does not exist in English), but to the adjective gentlemanly. Other pairs similarly connected are correlated with this opposition:

Ungentlemanly unfair unkind

= =

gentlemanly fair kind

(It has become customary to denote oppositions by the signs — e.g. unfair — fair) unfair

fair, unfair:: fair). The correlation reveals the pattern un-+ adjective stem.

The derivational type of the word ungentlemanly is defined as derivation (prefixation).

At the morphemic level of analysis ungentlemanly is segmented into the UCs, the morphemes un- + gent- + -le + -man + -ly.

U un	Gent	le M	man ^:-!-:':'й':":':':::-::;'::>:':-:;-::;:::::::::;::	ly

Derivational analysis is often combined with semantic analysis, which enables us to distinguish the type "gentlemanly" from the type "monthly", although both follow the structural pattern noun - base + -ly.

The semantic relationship in the two words is different, which is confirmed by transformational analysis:

g entlemanly having the qualities of a gentleman

m onthly having the qualities of a month.

monthly —> occurring every month.

The suffix -ly is qualitative in "gentlemanly" and "frequentative" in the word "monthly".