The compound sentence

Ex.1. Define types of coordination.

1. How do you know I am mad? -- You must be mad, otherwise you wouldn't have come here.

2. There ain't no happiness in this world, so you've just gotta be happy without it.

3. You've no need to light a night-light on a light night like tonight, for a night-light's a slight light, and tonight's a night that's light when a night's light, like tonight's light, it's really not quite right to light night-lights with their slight lights on a light night like tonight.

4. A good wife is good, but the best wife is not so good as no wife at all.

5. I did my best, nevertheless I made no progress at all as regards the question of the points.

6. Tom doesn't drink whisky; neither does Jerry.

7. We must all hang together, else we shall all hang separately.

8. Bachelors have consciences, married men have wives.

9. An American lifts his hat to ladies in an elevator, whereas an Englishman elevates his hat to ladies in a lift.

10. The town was built near a bridge on the River Cam; hence is the name Cambridge.

11. This year's fall in profits was not unexpected, nonetheless it is very disappointing.

12. She's a zany girl, yet you can't help liking her.

13. They asked him to leave the meeting, and accordingly he went.

14. And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew and beat upon the house; and it fell and great was the fall of it.

15. It's raining; still I want to eat.

16. Umberto Montanari was unable to get rid of a mouse which chewed holes in his car's carpet, so he put a pot of water inside the vehicle and dropped a block of carbide into it.

17. I decided to stop and have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry.

18. I think therefore I am.

19. Let women in, and they'll never stop lecturing.

20. It's not good to be bad, while it's not bad to be good.

21. Either I am a great Russian writer, or I will eat this porridge.

The complex sentence

Ex. 1. Define types of nominal clauses. Translate into Russian.

1. That which has been is what will be,

That which is done is what will be done,

And there is nothing new under the sun.

2. It looks as if we'll have to walk.

3. What's mine is yours, and what's yours is mine.

4. Little Willie is no more,

For what Little Willie thought was H2O

Was H2SO4 .

5. It seems not economically feasible that such a lavish production will be staged.

6. It doesn't sound as if we were alone in the universe.

7. U.S. Air Force General Don Flickinger said last night that all chimpanzees used in space flights would be volunteers.

8. It is making money what Lucy is interested in.

9. What it seems to be is real.

10. George made it clear that he disagreed.

11. It appears that Geoffrey might change his mind.

12. What is amazing is not that so little is produced locally, but that anything is produced here at all.

13. Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.

14. What doesn’t poison fattens. (Italian proverb)

15. I think it necessary that students should do their homework.

Ex. 2. Translate the sentences into English using the oblique moods in nominal clauses where possible.

1. Доброе утро! Вы выглядите, как будто по вам проехал каток. – Спасибо, и вы тоже. 2. Вполне естественно, что домашнее задание лучше, чем дикое задание. 3. Входите пожалуйста. Жаль, что вы не позавтракали, не пообедали и не поужинали дома. 4. Студенты боялись, что они не опоздают на урок грамматики английского языка. 5. Пора бы вам меня будить! 6. Врач ухо-горло-нос Джонсон настаивал на том, чтобы больной вёл себя хорошо. 7. По сведениям гидрометцентра, завтра, вероятно, погоды не будет. 8. Странно, что квадрат гипотенузы равен сумме квадратов катетов. 9. Ничего удивительного, что она когда-то видела сверчка внутри круглого зеркала, погружённого, утопленного в его твёрдую прозрачность, и, что она проникла внутрь стеклянной поверхности, чтобы достать его. 10. Боюсь, как бы завтра в Париже торжественно не открылся бы 168-й международный Берлинский кинофестиваль. 11. Самое время, чтобы кто-нибудь что-нибудь сказал. 12. Вероятно, не всё так плохо, как всё есть на самом деле. 13. Учитель предложил, чтобы студенты немедленно шли домой и ни в коем случае не делали домашнее задание.

Ex. 3. Define types of attributive clauses. Translate into Russian.

1. Nothing is enough for the man for whom enough is too little. (Epicurus)

2. The lie that exalts us is dearer than a thousand sober truths. (A.S. Pushkin)

3. Doctor, I keep getting the feeling that nobody can hear what I say.

4. There is always something a woman will prefer to the truth.

5. Maggie lives alone with her mouse, whose name is Bartholomew, but she spends a lot of time visiting her mother.

6. Patriotism is your conviction that this country is superior to all other countries because you were born in it. (G.B. Shaw)

7. What bewildered me was the sure knowledge, deeply rooted in my mind, that this was the house I was searching for and that there were people inside it.

8. John broke his leg skiing, which didn't surprise us in the least.

9. He was a man who understood all dogs thoroughly and treated them like human beings.

10. She lived in Liverpool when a child, which is why she's got a Scouse accent.

11. A man who has never made a woman angry is a failure in life.

12. Men are the reason that women hate one another.

13. The government ignored the objection that the antipollution measures would greatly increase the cost of the products.

14. As soon as I finished speaking, Jephson, who had been listening very thoughtfully, asked me if I believed in ghosts.

15. Mary goes to the same university as I do.

16. There is no doubt but he will recover.

17. A pessimist is someone who has had to listen to too many optimists.

18. Everything you can do I can do better.

19. All's well that ends well.

Ex. 4. Insert correct connectors introducing attributive clauses. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Mr Scrooge has a scarf, … colour I don’t like.

2. He … rides the tiger can never dismount. (Chinese proverb)

3. This is a letter, … words I will remember.

4. The summer has been very warm, … is unusual in this country.

5. There was such a thunderstorm … we’ve never heard of.

6. Mary again came late, … annoyed John.

7. You have never read such books … I can give you.

8. Helen wears the same kind of clothes … her sister wears.

9. The students are reading a novel, … plot they greatly enjoy.

10. I am well read in literature, … is remarkable for my age.

11. She began to tell the story herself, … spoiled everything.

12. He … doesn’t know one thing knows another.(Kenyan proverb)

13. Eventually I mentioned Mr Smith, … put me in bad with her.

14. Never was there a dandy such … Hercule Poirot.

15. From board the plane the fascinated passengers watched the mountains, … pattern was slowly unraveling below.

16. Whenever she came, … was often, she came quite noisily.

17. Carlyle’s doctor had told him to take afternoon naps, and it seemed he was often upstairs, in a kind of hibernation, from … he would emerge red-eyed, wearing soft moccasins.

18. He … is outside his door has the hardest part of his journey behind him. (Dutch proverb)

Ex. 5. Join these sentences together so as to get attributive clauses. Define their types. Use a comma where required.

E.g. My house needs a lot doing to it. It is about 1000 years old.

My house, which needs a lot doing to it, is about 1000 years old.

1. His violin is worth $20,000. It once belonged to Karl Marx.

2. Yesterday's meeting lasted six hours. It was a complete waste of time.

3. The average weekly wage used to be about $8. It is now about $300.

4. Penguins are completely unable to fly. They have no natural enemies.

5. The cover of this book is interesting. The book is dull..

6. I saw a man. He stole my pan.

7. Charles's wife is a Member of Parliament. He isn't interested in politics at all.

8. The idea is that we go to London. This idea is stupid.

9. You disseminate the idea. This idea is fairly good.

10. These glasses give me a headache. I have to wear them for reading.

11. John can speak Mandarin. This fact is very remarkable.

12. I caught the 10:10 train. It is very surprising.

13. I supported the party. The party was unsuccessful in the last election.

Ex. 6. Define the types of adverbial clauses. Translate into Russian.

1. Sir Pferdinando murmured such a dreadful oath that he would not dare to repeat it to himself.

2. Two is to four as four is to eight.

3. A lovely lady looked longingly at Larry as he limped lazily along the lake.

4. As popular as is the president he has not been able to get his own way on every issue.

5. As she has no car, she can't get there easily.

6. Improbable as it seems, it's true.

7. She was as proud as she could be.

8. Close the door so that the heat doesn't escape.

9. While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.

10. She doesn't enjoy her job the way she used to.

11. Once she arrives we can start.

12. The game is easy, once you learn the basic rules.

13. Suppose it rains, what shall we do?

14. Seeing she's legally old enough to get married, I don't see how you can stop her.

15. I'll help you so far as I can.

16. Wherever you go, I'll go with you.

17. Since you can't answer the question, perhaps we'd better ask someone else.

18. You can take my car as long as you don't smash it up.

19. Once you get into a rut, it's often really difficult to get out of it and make a new life for oneself.

20. The retreating whistles of those flatland trains seemed drawn with a pencil sharpened so fine that in reality it broke.

21. She looked at him as lovingly as she knew how.

22. I'm itching for them to leave so I can eat the chocolate.

23. A ragged group gathered on an appointed wooden bridge, on a February day so clear it did not feel cold.

24. You can borrow my bike provided you bring it back.

25. It isn't anything like as cold as it was yesterday.

Ex. 7. Define the types of subordinate clauses. Translate into Russian.

1. A pleasant place to place a plaice is a place where a plaice is pleased to be placed.

2. I'm sorry if she's annoyed.

3. Now it turns out his company can can him virtually the minute the poor bastard wanders from the straight and narrow.

4. Who pulleth out this sword of this stone and anvil is rightwise king born of all England.

5. Stop doing what you have been doing.

6. If you will just sign here please, I'll give you the money.

7. Turn everything you hear to your own advantage.

8. Now we were going through a country full of fine enduring trees where it was always five a clock in the afternoon.

9. Do you know if she's coming?

10. Since many minor revisions were still required, the second draft of the document had to be approved by the committee, contact with the individual members of which was made by the phone or letter, because the committee had by then been dissolved as a standing committee by the Board.

11. Live as you will have wished to have lived when you are dying.

12. It's what a fish feels for the fish it's eating.

13. Janet had taken to reading the newspapers as if this smudgy peek into other lives might show her the way out of her own.

14. I hope that's the last we ever see of them.

15. That doesn't mean the world isn't wonderful.

16. She can't help what she dreams.

17. Whichever day you come, we'll be pleased to see you.

18. She'll probably be on the same plane as I will be tomorrow.

19. The longest I can stay is three hours.

20. I think we're pretty much alike, no matter what we think we believe.

21. I seem to be the only person I know who has any sense of humour.

22. Do not let what you cannot do tear from your hands what you can. (Ashanti proverb)

23. A man can do more than he can.

24. If universities must admit all students who apply for admission, they will admit many students who are not capable of pursuing studies at university level, which will force them to withdraw when they find that they cannot cope with the work, which will be a waste of government money.

25. Most of us are just as happy as we make up our minds to be.

26. I don't see what relationship of this is with that.

27. After that happened, what was bad became worse.

28. If you think you can do a thing or think you can't do a thing, you're right.

29. Is that what you're trying to tell me?

30. The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are always so certain of themselves, and wise people so full of doubts. (B.Russel)

31. It beats me how he could have done it.

32. Mr Brown-Brown never eats while reading, albeit he reads while eating.

33. Cats know exactly how we, people, feel. They don't give a damn, but they know.

34. This seems to leave us where we were.

35. Now, as ever, I wish not to misrepresent Judge Douglas's position, question his motives, or do aught that can be personally offensive to him. (A.Lincoln)

36. He breathes best who breathes last.

37. I never smelled a smelt that smelled as bad as that smelt smelled.

38. You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 11 o'clock.

39. Time is fun when you're having fleas. (Kermit the Frog)

40. I've been waiting for you passionately and impatiently as if you were a tram.

41. All Helen does Helen does well.

42. That's the way things are.

43. The house where I live is yellow.

44. I know all, what I don't is not worth knowing.

45. Never try to outsmart a woman unless you are another woman.

46. Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than what it might appear to others that what you were or might have been was not otherwise that what you had been would have appeared to them to be otherwise.

47. The students did very well in their exams considering how little they had studied.

48. I recognized the president the moment he entered.

49. She was so glad to see me go away, that I have almost a mind to come again, that she may again have the same pleasure.

50. Love is something one has to make.

51. There was never yet a fair woman but she made mouths in a glass. (Shakespeare)

52. If you are afraid of loneliness, don't marry. (Chekhov)

53. No one can more easily deceive others than someone who is reputed never to deceive.

54. A man must marry only a very pretty woman in case he should ever want some other man to take her off his hands.

55. The worst of marriage is that it makes a woman believe that all other men are just as easy to fool.

56. Since all the girls are good and lovable, from whence come the bad wives?

57. I met a man in the Strand one day that I knew very well, as I thought, though I had not seen him for years.

58. Zeugmas and the rest of the stylistic bestiary are of significance only insofar as they help us learn better.

59. The doctor wore such an expression on his face as left no doubt of his decision.

60. Is there any reason why she did it?

61. She doesn't know why she does what she does.

62. Tell me immediately you have any news.

63. It isn't as if she had no money.

64. -- Doctor, I feel as if nobody ever listens to me. – Next please.

Ex. 8. Translate into English. Differentiate between a parenthesis making reference to the source of information and an adverbial clause of cause.

1. Так как это сообщили по интернету, все уже знают новость.

2. Как известно, на 7-й Международной Конференции в Гааге наша делегация выступила с пакетом конструктивных предложений, направленных на укрепление процесса сотрудничества и интеграции в Европе. Выступали все. А я не поехал.

3. Как было открыто нашими учёными, луна имеет круглую форму и светится в темноте.

4. Как всем известно, гипердетерминация означает, что любой элемент свободных ассоциаций связан с многочисленными образованиями в поле сознания, а каждые из них с многочисленными подсознательными и бессознательными содержаниями.

5. Как сообщалось на заборе, сила тока на каком-либо участке проводника прямо пропорциональна напряжению, выбранному между концами выбранного участка, и обратно пропорциональна сопротивлению проводника.

6. Так как это сообщалось на заборе, все это читали.

7. Как уже было сказано, основные средства представляют собой средства имеющие материальную ценность, которые функционируют в течении нескольких лет, и предназначены для использования в хозяйственной деятельности и в основном не предназначены для перепродажи или перевода в наличные деньги.

Ex. 9. Prove that you are good at writing diploma theses. Extend the following sentences by using subordinate clauses without change of meaning.

E.g. Italians eat a lot of pasta. – Pasta in all of its forms is well known to be high on the list of those foods which are most frequently consumed by the inhabitants of the Italian Peninsula.

1. Horses eat oats. 2. I am a good student. 3. To be or not to be – that is the question. 4. Bujumbura is the capital of Burundi. 5. The shot-putter put the shot. 6. Everybody likes English Grammar very much.

Ex. 10. Translate into English paying attention to complex sentences.

В уединённой комнатке, куда не проникали ни знойный ветер, ни пыль, ни жара, оба они вспоминали далёкий призрак старика в шляпе с полями, как вороновы крылья, который за много лет до их рождения, сидя здесь спиной к окну, рассказывал о мире. Оба они одновременно заметили, что в этой комнате всегда стоит март и всегда понедельник, и тут они поняли, как ошибалась семья, считая Хосе Аркадио Буэндиа безумцем, напротив, он единственный в доме обладал достаточной ясностью ума, позволившей ему постигнуть ту истину, что время в своём движении тоже сталкивается с препятствиями и терпит аварии, а потому кусок времени может отколоться и навечно застрять в какой-нибудь комнате. Кроме того, Хосе Аркадио Второму удалось классифицировать криптографические знаки пергаментов и составить из них таблицу. Он убедился, что они соответствуют алфавиту, насчитывающему от сорока семи до пятидесяти трёх букв, которые, будучи написаны по отдельности, похожи на маленьких паучков и клещей, а соединённые в строчки – напоминают бельё, развешанное сушиться на проволоке. Аурелиано вспомнил, что видел нечто подобное в английской энциклопедии, и принёс её, чтобы сравнить. Таблицы действительно совпадали.

(Г.-Г. Маркес)

Видя, что Аурелиано Второй работает с таким рвением, какого в нём и заподозрить нельзя было, Фернанда приняла охвативший его азарт за трудолюбие, мучительную жажду наживы – за самоотверженность, упрямство за настойчивость; теперь её мучили угрызения совести, когда она вспоминала все ядовитые слова, брошенные ему в лицо, чтобы вывести его из состояния апатии. Стоя по горло в трясине из мёртвых веток и сгнивших цветов, он перекапывал сад, покончив уже со двором и задним двором, и так глубоко подрыл фундамент восточной галереи, что однажды ночью обитатели дома были разбужены подземными толчками и треском, исходившим откуда-то из-под земли; они подумали было о землетрясении, но оказалось, что это провалился пол в трёх комнатах дома, а в полу галереи открылась огромная трещина, доходившая до спальни. Но и тут Аурелиано Второй не отказался от своих поисков. Хотя последняя надежда угасла и ему оставалось только цепляться за предсказания карт, всё же он укрепил пошатнувшийся фундамент, залил трещину известковым раствором и продолжал свои раскопки уже на западной стороне. Там его и застигла вторая неделя июня месяца следующего года, с наступлением которой дождь наконец стал утихать. Дождевые тучи таяли, и со дня на день можно было ожидать прояснения. Так и случилось. В пятницу в два часа дня глупое доброе солнце осветило мир, и было оно красным и шершавым, как кирпич, и почти таким же свежим, как вода. И с этого дня дождь не шёл целых десять лет.

(Г.-Г. Маркес)

Ex. 11. Translate into English paying attention to complex sentences.

Земля поплыла и зашевелилась. Взвилась огромная снежная туча. Все повалились друг на друга, и меня тоже опрокинуло и покатило. Рёв всё усиливался, и, когда я с трудом, цепляясь за гусеницы грузовика, поднялся на ноги, я увидел, как жутко, гигантской чашей в мёртвом свете луны, ползёт, заворачиваясь внутрь, край горизонта, как угрожающе раскачиваются бронещиты, как бегут врассыпную, падают и снова вскакивают вывалянные в снегу зрители. Я увидел, как Фёдор Симеонович и Кристобаль Хунта, накрытые радужными колпаками защитного поля, пятятся под натиском урагана, как они, подняв руки, силятся растянуть защиту на всех остальных, но вихрь рвёт защиту в клочья, и эти клочья несутся над равниной подобно огромным мыльным пузырям и лопаются в звёздном небе. Я увидел поднявшего воротник Януса Полуэктовича, который стоял, повернувшись спиной к ветру, прочно упёршись тростью в обнажившуюся землю, и смотрел на часы. А там, где был автоклав, крутилось освещённое изнутри красным тугое облако пара, и горизонт стремительно загибался всё круче и круче, и казалось, что все мы находимся на дне колоссального кувшина. А потом совсем рядом с эпицентром этого космического безобразия появился вдруг Роман в своём зелёном пальто. Он широко размахнулся, швырнул в ревущий пар что-то большое, блеснувшее бутылочным блеском, и сейчас же упал ничком, закрыв голову руками. Из облака вынырнула безобразная, искажённая бешенством физиономия джинна, глаза его крутились от ярости. Разевая пасть в беззвучном хохоте, он взмахнул просторными волосатыми ушами, пахнуло гарью, над метелью взметнулись призрачные стены великолепного дворца, затряслись и опали, а джинн, превратившись в длинный язык оранжевого пламени, исчез в небе. Несколько секунд было тихо. Затем горизонт с тяжёлым грохотом осел. Меня подбросило высоко вверх, и, придя в себя, я обнаружил, что сижу, упираясь руками в землю, неподалёку от грузовика. Снег пропал. Всё поле вокруг было чёрным. Там, где минуту назад стоял автоклав, зияла большая воронка. Из неё поднимался белый дымок, и пахло палёным.

(The Brothers Strugatskiye)

Ex. 12. Ask for a repetition. Mind sequence of tenses.

E.g. I will take my exam in June. – When did you say you would take your exam?

1. Sir Francis Drake was the first Englishman to sail around the world. 2. The Pleiades are a group of stars in the constellation Taurus. 3. Kiribati consists of 33 islands. 4. The audition was attended by scores of young hopefuls. 5. The speaker seemed completely nonplussed by my question. 6. Predicative is a nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. 7. As is evident form the title of the book we deal here with three pigs and the Big Bad Wolf.