6. Adverbial Clauses of Concession

Conjunctions: although, though, if, whether … or, even if, even though, even when

Conjunctive words: whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, as

Conjunctive phrases: no matter how, no matter what, for all that, despite that

Late as it was, nobody went home.

Whenever you come let me know.

Try as he might, nothing came of it.

Whoever may come, don’t open the door.

Although the weather was fine, nobody was happy.

7. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose

Conjunctions: that, so that, lest, so as, so, in order that, for fear that

I tell you all that so that you may understand me perfectly.

She jotted down the number for fear she should forget it.

I packed them a little food so that they wouldn’t get hungry.

Lest anyone (should) worry, let me reassure you.

8. Adverbial Clauses of Cause (Reason)

Conjunctions: as, because, since, so, that, lest, seeing (that), considering

Conjunctive phrases: by reason of, in so far as (insofar as)

Since you are here, we may begin our talk.

In so far as it is difficult to assign an external cause to certain happenings, they are written off as uncaused and spontaneous.

Do you ask me because I am the only student present or for another reason?

NOTE: Differentiate between a parenthesis making reference to the source of information and an adverbial clause of cause:

As was reported in the press … Как сообщили в прессе, …

As it was reported in the press … Так как это сообщили в прессе,…

As was clear to everybody … Как всем было ясно, …

As it was clear to everybody … Так как это всем было ясно, …

As is known … Как известно, …

As it is known … Так как это известно, …

As seen above, some of the conjunctions introducing adverbial clauses are polysemantic and can introduce different types of clauses.

One should keep in mind that, of course, there are many other approaches to The Complex Sentence.

9. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence)

Conjunctions: so that, that

Asyndetically

Light fell on her there, so that Soames could see her face.

The buffet was so nice that the students stayed there for the whole lesson.

It is so simple that even an adult can understand it.

Mary is so tall she can touch the ceiling.

NOTE: Adverbial clauses of result may have an additional meaning of degree.

They are so weak that they can hardly move.

10. Adverbial Clauses of Degree

Conjunctive phrases: in so far as, in as far as, inasmuch as, insomuch as

I’ll help you in so far as I can.

He is also guilty, inasmuch as he knew what they were planning to do.

Pseudo-complex sentences

Pseudo-complex sentences consist of two clauses and are joined according to some pattern of subordination, but differ from complex sentences in the relation they bear to one another. There are several types of pseudo-complex sentences.

1. Emphatic (or Cleft) Sentence.

Emphatic sentences are used to emphasize some part of the sentence.

It is my friend who told me this.

It was Mary who smoked in the corridor.

What was it he disliked so much?

The role of the principle clause is purely emphatic, as the information which is divided between the principle and the subordinate clause can be expressed in a simple sentence:

It is my friend who told me this . My friend told me this.

The emphatic position may be occupied by a whole clause.

It was that she said that spoiled the impression.

Was it because dusk was gathering that you failed to come to the grammar lesson?

The subordinate clause may be joined asyndetically.

It is not you I hate.