VII. Passive Voice

Model 1. High investment is associated with rapid growth of demand. > Высокий уровень капиталовложение связан с быстрым повышением спроса.

1. Economists are interested in the overall level of investment for two basic reasons.

2. The weapons of Keynesian demand management are taxation; government spending; interest rates; to a lesser extent, controls on bank lending. The first two weapons are referred to as fiscal policy, whereas the last two weapons are referred to as monetary policy.

3. Venture capital is often associated with two developments of recent decades – management buyouts and management buyins.

4. Decentralized purchasing means that considerable discretion is given to departments.

5. Statistical quality control is based on the assumption that perfect quality is unattainable and/or too expensive.

6. High stock levels mean that excess capital is tied up in an unproductive manner.

7. Much of the European Commission’s activity is carried out at a technical level in Committees, and the Commission is with some justification accused of excessive secrecy.

Model 2. The fluctuations in price are influenced by supply and demand. > Предложение и спрос оказывают влияние на колебания цен.

1. Earnings trends were influenced by exchange rates during the year.

2. Foreign exchange prices are influenced by economic and political events and sometimes by the speculation of individual traders.

3. Bureaucrats do not understand the quasi-automatic system of the market. They are always disturbed by it.

4. Aggregate demand is the powerful economic signal that stimulates production of goods that truly are wanted by a significant number of individual people.

5. There is no doubt that external sources of inflationary tension are followed by or in some cases supplemented by a certain number of internal factors.

6. The transition period was hindered by a crumbling infrastructure, rising unemployment and hyperinflation.

7. In its simplest form, monetarism can be traced back to ancient times.

Model 3. This relatively predictable part of income is called consumption spending. > Эту относительно предсказуемую часть дохода называют потребительскими расходами.

1. Pension protection should be guaranteed to workers who are transferred from public to private employment, e.g. through outsourcing.

2. Anderson's freeconomics thesis is that more and more goods and services are being provided for free and that those businesses that fail to follow suit are likely to go to the wall.

3. Risk is a basic feature of business life. The future is uncertain and business decisions are made in the absence of perfect knowledge of the future course of events.

4. As incomes are earned from contributing to production, national income is logically equal to national output.

5. For the short- and long-term health of the economy, investment is seen as being of crucial importance.

6. Because financial accounts are prepared for shareholders it is essential that they are produced under a standard set of rules.

7. In this model, investment-banking products are sold to wealth-management clients, and wealth-management products to investment-banking clients.