1) Nouns

1. expert

2. field

3. system

4. tuition

5. research

6. study

7. employment

   1. professional

   2. job

   3. earning

   4. area

   5. exploration

   6. arrangement

   7. teaching

2) Adjectives

8. regular

9. complete

10. another

11. short

12. practical

13. unique

14. small

15. important

16. specific

17. further

18. wide

19. numerous

    1. large

    2. additional

    3. abbreviated

    4. many

    5. realistic

    6. particular

    7. total

    8. broad

    9. little

    10. principal

    11. unusual

    12. different

20. huge

M. daily

Exercise 4. Answer the question about your Institute.

1. When was it established?

2. Who is its founder?

3. How many faculties are there?

4. What kind of education does your Institute provide (full-time, part-time etc.)?

5. What forms of education are there in your Institute (lectures, seminars, practical work etc.)?

6. What kind of specialist are you going to be?

7. How long do you have to study?

8. What subjects do you learn?

9. Are there any subjects which are not taught in your Institute but you want to learn them?

10. How many students are there in your group?

Exercise 5. Translate the verbs into Russian and make sentences with them.

1. to arrange

2. to enable

3. to explore

4. to admit

5. to require

6. to follow

7. to gain

8. to provide

9. to acquire

10. to explore

11. to expect

12. to contribute

13. to test out

Part II. Unit 1. The united states of america

The United States of America, or the USA, the US, the States or America, is one of the biggest countries in the world. It occupies 9,363,123 square kilometers. It lies in the central part of the North American Continent between two oceans: the Atlantic Ocean to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the West. Canada to the north and Mexico to the south are the only countries bordering it.

The USA consists of three separate parts. These are the Hawaiian Islands, situated in the central part of the Pacific Ocean, Alaska separated by Canada, and the rest of the USA. The country consists of fifty states and the District of Columbia, which is not part of any states but a federal area governed by Congress. The states differ very much in size, population and economic development. Each region of the USA has characteristics of its own due to the differences in climate, landscape and geographical position. The south, and especially Taxes is rich in oil, the coalfields of Pennsylvania are rich in coal. Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska are the richest farming states, growing mostly corn and wheat and California is famous for its fruits.

The capital of the USA is Washington; besides there are many other big cities and towns in the USA. New York, for example, is a financial business centre, Chicago deals in meat processing, Los Angeles is famous for Hollywood. Other big cities are New Orleans, a cotton industry centre, Huston, an oil refining and NASA space research centre, Philadelphia, a shipping commercial centre, Detroit, a world’s leading motor car producer.

The United States of America is a parliamentary republic. The gov­ernment is divided into three branches: legislative (the US Congress), executive (the President and his Administration) and judicial (the US Supreme Court).

There are two main political parties in the USA: the Democratic (symbolized by a "donkey") and the Republican (its symbol is an "ele­phant"). The US President is both head of state and government. He is elected for a four-year term. Presidential elections are held every leap year on first Tuesday, following the first Monday in November. The President is assisted by Secretaries who are the heads of the executive departments.

The form of US government is based on the Constitution of September 17, 1787, adopted after the War of Independence. In December 1791, the Congress adopted ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights.

The Congress of the United States is composed of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states and the House represents the population according to its distrib­ution among the states. All states have electoral requirements of the same nature. First of all they are residence requirements.

Through its power over the purse, the US Congress can control much that relates to foreign policy, also it is a governmental body that determines taxation.

Each of the fifty states of the USA has a constitution patterned after the federal Constitution, with its divisions of power: legislative, exec­utive, and judicial.

The Presidency means not only a man: it means an institution — the executive branch of the government.

The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and the head of the judicial branch of US government. The federal and state courts have the power of "judicial review." Also there are about ninety district courts in different parts of the United States. American judicial practice is firmly committed to the idea of jury trials. The Constitution guarantees them for both criminal and civil cases. According to the US judicial doctrine, "justice is a relationship in which each citizen or group receives due respect and return."

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What are the shorter names of the United States of America?

2. What is the aria of the USA?

3. Where is the USA located?

4. What countries does it border on?

5. How many separate parts does it consist of? What are they?

6. How many states does it consist of?

7. What is the capital of the USA?

8. Into which three branches is the gov­ernment divided?

9. What are the main political parties in the USA?

10. Who is the head of the government?

11. When are presidential elections held?

12. When was the US Constitution adopted?

13. What is the other name of the ten amendments to the Constitution?

14. How many houses does The Congress of the United States consist of?

15. What is the Supreme Court?

Exercise 2. Match the cities and region and their main characteristics.

1. Taxes

2. Pennsylvania

3. Illinois

4. Iowa

5. Nebraska

6. California

7. New York

8. Chicago

9. Los Angeles

10. New Orleans

11. Huston

12. Philadelphia

13. Detroit

A. coal industry

B. famous for growing corn and wheat

C. agriculture

D. Hollywood

E. world’s leading motor car producer

F. financial business centre

G. oil industry

H. oil refining and NASA space research centre

I. cotton industry centre

J. farming

K. deals in meat processing

L. shipping commercial centre

M. famous for its fruits

Exercise 3. Make these sentences negative.

1. The United States of America is the biggest country in the world.

2. The USA occupies 13,363,123 square kilometers.

3. The USA lies in the central part of the South American Continent.

4. The USA is washed by the Indian Ocean.

5. The USA borders on Peru and Brazil.

6. The USA consists of five separate parts.

7. There are 60 states in the USA.

8. The capital of the USA is New York.

9. Chicago deals in cotton industry.

10. Detroit is a space research centre.

11. The United States of America is a parliamentary monarchy.

12. The US gov­ernment is divided into five branches.

13. There are ten main political parties in the USA.

14. The US President is elected for a ten-year term.

15. Presidential elections are held every year on first Monday in September.

16. The form of US government is based on the Bill of Rights.

17. The Senate represents the population according to its distrib­ution among the states.

18. All states have different electoral requirements.

19. Each of the fifty states of the USA has its own President.

Exercise 4. Match the words as they are used in the UNIT.

1. square

2. central

3. federal

4. economic

5. geographical

6. for

7. business

8. meat

9. oil

10. space

11. motor car

12. parliamentary

13. political

14. head of

15. four-year

16. presidential

17. executive

18. electoral

19. foreign

20. governmental

21. Supreme

22. judicial

23. judicial

A. part

B. elections

C. example

D. refining

E. doctrine

F. policy

G. requirements

H. processing

I. kilometers

J. practice

K. research centre

L. development

M. producer

N. term

O. Court

P. party

Q. area

R. body

S. republic

T. department

U. centre

V. position

W. state

Exercise 5. Write down the following in figures.