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Analyte

Range

Interpretation

pH

7.35–7.45

The pH or H⁺ indicates if a patient is acidemic (pH < 7.35; H⁺ >45) or alkalemic (pH > 7.45; H⁺ < 35).

H⁺

35–45 nmol/L(nM)

See above.

PaO₂

9.3–13.3kPa or 80–100 mmHg

A low PaO₂ indicates that the patient is not oxygenating properly, and is hypoxemic. (Note that a low PaO₂ is not required for the patient to have hypoxemia.) At a PaO₂ of less than 60 mm Hg, supplemental oxygen should be administered. At a PaO₂ of less than 26 mmHg, the patient is at risk of death and must be oxygenated immediately.^{[citation needed]}

PaCO₂

4.7–6.0 kPa or 35–45 mmHg

The carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO₂) is an indicator of CO₂ production and elimination: for a constant metabolic rate, the PaCO₂ is determined entirely by its elimination through ventilation.^[7] A high PaCO₂ (respiratory acidosis, alternatively hypercapnia) indicates underventilation (or, more rarely, ahypermetabolic disorder), a low PaCO₂ (respiratory alkalosis, alternatively hypocapnia) hyper- or overventilation.

HCO₃⁻

22–26 mmol/L

The HCO₃⁻ ion indicates whether a metabolic problem is present (such as ketoacidosis). A low HCO₃⁻ indicates metabolic acidosis, a high HCO₃⁻ indicatesmetabolic alkalosis. As this value when given with blood gas results is often calculated by the analyzer, correlation should be checked with total CO₂ levelsas directly measured (see below).

SBC_e

21 to 27 mmol/L

the bicarbonate concentration in the blood at a CO₂ of 5.33 kPa, full oxygen saturation and 37 Celsius.^[8]

Base excess

−2 to +2 mmol/L

The base excess is used for the assessment of the metabolic component of acid-base disorders, and indicates whether the patient has metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. Contrasted with the bicarbonate levels, the base excess is a calculated value intended to completely isolate the non-respiratory portion of the pH change.^[9]

total CO₂(tCO₂ (P)_c)

25 to 30 mmol/L

This is the total amount of CO₂, and is the sum of HCO₃⁻ and PCO₂ by the formula: tCO₂ = [HCO₃⁻] + α*PCO₂, where α=0.226 mM/kPa, HCO₃⁻ is expressed in millimolar concentration (mM) (mmol/l) and PCO₂ is expressed in kPa ^[10]

O₂ Content (C_aO₂, C_vO₂, C_cO₂)

vol% (mL oxygen/dL blood)

This is the sum of oxygen dissolved in plasma and chemically bound to hemoglobin as determined by the calculation: CaO₂ = (PaO₂ * 0.003) + (SaO₂ * 1.34 * Hgb) where hemoglobin concentration is expressed in g/dL.^[11]