- •Guessing and explaining meaning of words.
- •Inferring meaning from context
- •Structure
- •Explaining unknown words
- •Exercises
- •1) Look at the following text. Before you read it, see if you know what the underlined words
- •Borrowings and international words
- •Exercises
- •Which of the words listed above are also used in your language?
- •3) Match the adjectives on the left with the noun they arc most likely to be associated with, on the right.
- •8) Read the following text. Copy out the international words. State to what sphere of human activity they belong.
- •Affixation. Prefixes.
- •Exercises
- •3. Use the word in brackets to complete the sentences. Add the necessary prefix and put the word in the correct form.
- •4. Using the table at the previous page construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.
- •IV) Affixation. Suffixes.
- •Exercises
- •Each picture is of an object ending in -er. Can you name them?
- •List six jobs you would like to have in order of preference. How many different suffixes are there in your list? Do any of the job names not have a suffix? (e.G. Pilot, film star)
- •Which word is the odd one out in each group and why?
- •V) Conversion
- •VI) Compounding
- •Exercises
- •4. List as many compound adjectives beginning with self, as you can. Mark them p or n for positive or negative characteristics, or write neutral.
- •7. Which of the adjectives from this unit could you use to describe yourself or your friends members of your family?
- •1. The sentences given below contain synonyms. Write them out in groups and explain the difference where the words are familiar.
- •2. Give as many synonyms for the italicized words in the following jokes as you can. If you do not know any of them consult the dictionaries.
- •X) Homonymy
- •1. Each underlined word rhymes with, or sounds similar to, one of the words in brackets; choose the matching word.
- •4. Find the homonyms in the following extracts. Classify them into homonyms proper, homographs and homophones.
- •XI) Types of idioms. Proverbs.
- •2. Complete these idioms using the following prepositions: in, under, on, out, in, from, at. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •3. Rewrite each of these sentences using one of the idioms from exercise 2.
- •4. Read the following text. Compile a list of the phraseological units used in it. Classify them according to Academician Vinogradov's classification system for phraseological units.
- •1. Point out two-member sentences (say whether they are complete or elliptical) and one member sentences.
- •1. Point out the subject and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •State the nature of it. Translate into Russian.
- •1. Point out the kind of object and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •2. Point out the Complex Object and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •1. Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian
- •2. Define the kinds of subordinate clauses (subject, object and predicative clauses). Translate into Russian.
- •3. Define the function of the following individual neologisms.
- •3. Differentiate professional and social jargonisms; classify them according to the narrow sphere of usage, suggest a terminological equivalent where possible.
- •1. State the type of relations existing between the object named and the object implied in the following examples of metonymy.
- •Repetition
- •1. Classify the following cases of repetition according to the position occupied by the repeated unit. State their functions.
- •1. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration.
- •2. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its function.
7. Which of the adjectives from this unit could you use to describe yourself or your friends members of your family?
VII) Types of meaning. Polysemy.
Exercises
1. Try your hand at the following research work.
a. Illustrate the semantic structure of one of the following words with a diagram; use the dictionary if necessary.
Foot, п.; hand, п.; ring, п.; stream, п.; warm, green, adj.; sail, n.; key, п.; glass, п.; eye, n.
b. Identify the denotative and connotative elements of the meanings in the following pairs of words.
To conceal — to disguise, to choose — to select, draw — to paint, money — cash, photograph - picture, odd — queer.
c. Read the entries for the English word "court” and the Russian "суд" in an English-Russian and Russian-English dictionary. Explain the differences in the semantic structure of both words.
VIII) Synonymy
Exercises
1. The sentences given below contain synonyms. Write them out in groups and explain the difference where the words are familiar.
1. a) While Kitty chatted gaily with her neighbours she watched Walter. b) Ashenden knew that R. had not
sent for him to talk about weather and crops. c) As he spoke he rose from the bed. d) He is said to be honest. e) He'll tell you all about himself. f) If you wish to converse with me define your terms. 2. a) She felt on a sudden a cold chill pass through her limbs and she shivered. b) Her lips trembled so that she could hardly frame the words. c) I was shaking like a leaf when I came here. d) He shuddered with disgust. 3. a) He gave his wrist-watch a glance. b) Tommy gave her a look out of the corner of his eye. c) But her abstract gaze scarcely noticed the blue sea and the crowded shipping in the harbour. d) Let me have just one peep at the letter. 4. a) Bessie gets up and walks towards the window. b) He did nothing from morning till night but wander at random. c)I saw a man strolling along. d) The men sauntered over to the next room. 5. a) I began to meditate upon writer's life. b) You had better reflect a little. c) The more he thought of it the less he liked the idea. d) I'm sure that a little walk will keep you from breeding. 6. a) The next witness was Dr. Burnett, a thin middle-aged man. b) The woman was tall with reddish curly hair and held a scarlet kimono round her slender figure. c)The girl was slim and dark. d) Studying him, Mrs. Page saw a spare young man with high cheekbones and blue eyes. 7. a) There was a fat woman, who gasped when she talked. b) She came in like a ship at full sail, an imposing creature, tall and stout. c) She was twenty-seven perhaps plump, and in a coarse fashion pretty. d) He was a person of perhaps forty, red-faced, cheerful, thick. 8. a) Strange, unstable woman. It was rather embarrassing that she would cry in a public gallery. b) It was a life that perhaps formed queer characters. c) I thought it odd that they should allow her to dance quietly in Berlin. d) It is a veritable picture of an old country inn with low, quaint rooms and latticed windows.