- •Guessing and explaining meaning of words.
- •Inferring meaning from context
- •Structure
- •Explaining unknown words
- •Exercises
- •1) Look at the following text. Before you read it, see if you know what the underlined words
- •Borrowings and international words
- •Exercises
- •Which of the words listed above are also used in your language?
- •3) Match the adjectives on the left with the noun they arc most likely to be associated with, on the right.
- •8) Read the following text. Copy out the international words. State to what sphere of human activity they belong.
- •Affixation. Prefixes.
- •Exercises
- •3. Use the word in brackets to complete the sentences. Add the necessary prefix and put the word in the correct form.
- •4. Using the table at the previous page construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.
- •IV) Affixation. Suffixes.
- •Exercises
- •Each picture is of an object ending in -er. Can you name them?
- •List six jobs you would like to have in order of preference. How many different suffixes are there in your list? Do any of the job names not have a suffix? (e.G. Pilot, film star)
- •Which word is the odd one out in each group and why?
- •V) Conversion
- •VI) Compounding
- •Exercises
- •4. List as many compound adjectives beginning with self, as you can. Mark them p or n for positive or negative characteristics, or write neutral.
- •7. Which of the adjectives from this unit could you use to describe yourself or your friends members of your family?
- •1. The sentences given below contain synonyms. Write them out in groups and explain the difference where the words are familiar.
- •2. Give as many synonyms for the italicized words in the following jokes as you can. If you do not know any of them consult the dictionaries.
- •X) Homonymy
- •1. Each underlined word rhymes with, or sounds similar to, one of the words in brackets; choose the matching word.
- •4. Find the homonyms in the following extracts. Classify them into homonyms proper, homographs and homophones.
- •XI) Types of idioms. Proverbs.
- •2. Complete these idioms using the following prepositions: in, under, on, out, in, from, at. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •3. Rewrite each of these sentences using one of the idioms from exercise 2.
- •4. Read the following text. Compile a list of the phraseological units used in it. Classify them according to Academician Vinogradov's classification system for phraseological units.
- •1. Point out two-member sentences (say whether they are complete or elliptical) and one member sentences.
- •1. Point out the subject and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •State the nature of it. Translate into Russian.
- •1. Point out the kind of object and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •2. Point out the Complex Object and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •1. Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian
- •2. Define the kinds of subordinate clauses (subject, object and predicative clauses). Translate into Russian.
- •3. Define the function of the following individual neologisms.
- •3. Differentiate professional and social jargonisms; classify them according to the narrow sphere of usage, suggest a terminological equivalent where possible.
- •1. State the type of relations existing between the object named and the object implied in the following examples of metonymy.
- •Repetition
- •1. Classify the following cases of repetition according to the position occupied by the repeated unit. State their functions.
- •1. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration.
- •2. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its function.
Exercises
1. In some cases more than one compound noun can be formed from one particular element. For example blood pressure and blood donor, air-traffic control, birth control and self-control. Complete the following compound nouns with a noun other than the one suggested opposite. Use your dictionary.
1 token 4 blood 7 tax 10 ……... lights
junk 5 tea 8 processing 11……... food
sound 6 mother 9 crossing 12 …….. race
2. What are they talking about? In each case the answer is a compound noun from the previous pages.
EXAMPLE: I had it taken at the doctor's this morning and he said it was a little high for my age. blood pressure.
You really shouldn't cross the road at any other place.
It's partly caused by such things as hair sprays and old fridges.
She always has terrible sneezing fits in the early summer.
I can't understand why they spend so much on devising ways of killing people.
They say that working there is much more stressful than being a pilot.
The worst time was when I dropped one at the theatre and spent the interval searching around on the floor. I couldn't see a thing without them.
I don't think it should ever be used whatever the crime.
It's much easier not to have To make your own travel arrangements.
It took my mother ages to get used to leaving a message on mine!
3. Here are some compound expressions you have worked with in this unit. Explain what the significance of the nouns used in the compound are.
EXAMPLE windscreen a screen that protects a driver from the wind 1 hook token 4 generation gap 7 luxury goods
2 burglar alarm 5 greenhouse effect 8 pocket money
3 food poisoning 6 kitchen scissors 9 welfare suite
4. List as many compound adjectives beginning with self, as you can. Mark them p or n for positive or negative characteristics, or write neutral.
5. Answer the questions by using a compound adjective which is opposite in meaning to the adjective in the question. Note that the answer may or may not have the same second element as the adjective in the question.
EXAMPLE Is he working full-time? No, part-time.
Isn't she rather short-sighted? 4 Are her shoes high-heeled?
Is your brother well-off? 5 Is this vase mass-produced?
Would you say the boy is well-behaved? 6 Do they live in south-east England?
6. Add a preposition from the list below to complete appropriate compound adjectives.
back up out off on of
She's done the same low-paid job for so long that she's really fed- with it now.
The two cars were involved in a head- collision.
He has a very casual, laid- approach to life in general.
It'll never happen again. It's definitely a one- situation.
He's a smash hit here but he's unheard- in my country.
6 She bought a cut-…………paper pattern and made her own dress.