- •Guessing and explaining meaning of words.
- •Inferring meaning from context
- •Structure
- •Explaining unknown words
- •Exercises
- •1) Look at the following text. Before you read it, see if you know what the underlined words
- •Borrowings and international words
- •Exercises
- •Which of the words listed above are also used in your language?
- •3) Match the adjectives on the left with the noun they arc most likely to be associated with, on the right.
- •8) Read the following text. Copy out the international words. State to what sphere of human activity they belong.
- •Affixation. Prefixes.
- •Exercises
- •3. Use the word in brackets to complete the sentences. Add the necessary prefix and put the word in the correct form.
- •4. Using the table at the previous page construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.
- •IV) Affixation. Suffixes.
- •Exercises
- •Each picture is of an object ending in -er. Can you name them?
- •List six jobs you would like to have in order of preference. How many different suffixes are there in your list? Do any of the job names not have a suffix? (e.G. Pilot, film star)
- •Which word is the odd one out in each group and why?
- •V) Conversion
- •VI) Compounding
- •Exercises
- •4. List as many compound adjectives beginning with self, as you can. Mark them p or n for positive or negative characteristics, or write neutral.
- •7. Which of the adjectives from this unit could you use to describe yourself or your friends members of your family?
- •1. The sentences given below contain synonyms. Write them out in groups and explain the difference where the words are familiar.
- •2. Give as many synonyms for the italicized words in the following jokes as you can. If you do not know any of them consult the dictionaries.
- •X) Homonymy
- •1. Each underlined word rhymes with, or sounds similar to, one of the words in brackets; choose the matching word.
- •4. Find the homonyms in the following extracts. Classify them into homonyms proper, homographs and homophones.
- •XI) Types of idioms. Proverbs.
- •2. Complete these idioms using the following prepositions: in, under, on, out, in, from, at. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •3. Rewrite each of these sentences using one of the idioms from exercise 2.
- •4. Read the following text. Compile a list of the phraseological units used in it. Classify them according to Academician Vinogradov's classification system for phraseological units.
- •1. Point out two-member sentences (say whether they are complete or elliptical) and one member sentences.
- •1. Point out the subject and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •State the nature of it. Translate into Russian.
- •1. Point out the kind of object and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •2. Point out the Complex Object and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •1. Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian
- •2. Define the kinds of subordinate clauses (subject, object and predicative clauses). Translate into Russian.
- •3. Define the function of the following individual neologisms.
- •3. Differentiate professional and social jargonisms; classify them according to the narrow sphere of usage, suggest a terminological equivalent where possible.
- •1. State the type of relations existing between the object named and the object implied in the following examples of metonymy.
- •Repetition
- •1. Classify the following cases of repetition according to the position occupied by the repeated unit. State their functions.
- •1. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration.
- •2. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its function.
1. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration.
Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible.(Sc.F.)
...he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp and a grin. (R. K)
You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard...(O'C.)
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets. She is—or rather was—surly, lustrous and sadistic."(E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird,
He sings a song that can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard.
The wicky, wacky, wocky bird.
The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse,
He built himself a little house...
But snug he lived inside his house,
The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N)
2. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its function.
Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train came into the station. (A.S.)
"I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it."(Th.W.)
I had only this one уear of working without shhh! (D.C.)
4. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
5. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the beach. (I. Sh.)
6."Sh—sh."
"But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
7. The Italian trio...tut-tutted their tongues at me. (T.C.)
Revision exercise ( Stylistic devices).
1. Define the stylistic device.
1. Money burns a hole in my pocket.
2. The Face of London was now strangely altered, the voice of Mourning was heard in every street.
3. Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old.
4. “It was you who made me a liar”, she cried silently.
5. Allthe girlas were in tears and white muslin.
6. It is the moment one opens one’s eyes that is horrible at sea. These days! Oh, these days!
7. Mr. Winkle has gone. He must be found, Sam, found and brought back to me.
8. There are so many sons who don’t have anything to do with their fathers, and so many fathers who won’t speak to their sons.
9. Chan shrugged. “ All the time the big Pacific Ocean suffered sharp pains down below, and tossed about to prove it. May be from sympathy I was in the same fix”.
You missed a friend, you know; or you missed a foe, you know; or you wouldn’t come here, you know.
Sample texts.
Scientific style
Turbine Characteristics With Respect to Form of Blade Passages
Impulse Turbine.—It may be defined as a system in which all steam expansion takes place in fixed nozzles and none occurs in passages among moving blades.
A Single-State or Simple-Impulse Turbine.— Here the steam expands from its initial to its final pressure in one nozzle (or one set of nozzles, all working at the same pressure), resulting in a steam jet of high velocity which enters the blade passages and, by exerting a force on them due to being deflected in direction, turns the rotor. Energy of all forms remaining in the steam after it leaves the single row of blading is lost.
The steam volume increases whenever the pressure decreases, but the resulting velocity changes depend on the type of turbine. As a matter of fact, these velocity changes are distinguishing characteristics of the different types.
A Velocity-Stage Impulse Turbine has one set of nozzles, with several rows of blades following it. In passing from the nozzle exit through one set of blades, the velocity of the steam is lowered by virtue of the work done on the blades but is still high. It then passes through a row of fixed guide blades which change the direction of the steam until it flows approximately parallel to the original nozzle direction, discharging it into a second row of blading fixed to the same wheel. The second row again lowers the steam velocity by virtue of the work delivered to the wheel. A second set of guide blades and a third row of moving blades are sometimes used.
The steam enters through a steam strainer and governor valve into a steam chest supplying the various nozzles spaced around a portion of the periphery. Individual nozzles may be opened or closed by a hand-wheel on the stem of the nozzle-control valve. The turbine wheel is mounted on a shaft which passes through the casing to bearings outside, carbon packing being used in the shaft glands of this turbine to maintain steam tightness. The governor is mounted on the right-hand end of the shaft and operates the balanced piston governor valve through a lever and link. On the left end of the shaft goes the coupling for attaching the driven machinery. (E. M.)
Task: find all the peculiarities of this style.
Newspaper style
Text 1
Dependent
STUDENTS who want a bigger say in the running of universities will be reinforced in their view by the latest effort of the vice-chancellor of Liverpool University and some other academics.
Today these allegedly wise and learned individuals issue, under the patronage of the Right Wing Institute of Economic Affairs a statement of the "urgency of establishing an independent university".
By "independent" they mean one which is dependent on finance from rich private individuals and Big Business, instead of from the Government. .
It is a monstrous misuse of the English language to claim that such a university would be independent. It would depend entirely on the good will of the rich, and would find its finances cut off immediately if it displeased them.
Universities already have to rely too much on Big Business sources of finance, including from US and other firms engaged in war preparations.
Whatever criticisms there may be about the Government's part in their finance at any rate there is some possibility of democratic control over the public money allocated to the universities.
There would be none if it all came as a result of board-room decisions.
Text 2
No to NED
SCOTTISH miners know from their own experience what Tory planning means. In the Scottish coalfield Government planning aims to close pits employing 5,000 men.
This is a plan for poverty and the Scottish area of the National Union of Mineworkers is resisting it. It ought to be able to count on the Trades Union Congress for help.
But the T.U.C. leaders by a majority have decided to join Mr. Selwyn Lloyd's National Economic Development Council. They are thus to take part in the work of an organisation set up by the Tories to carry out Tory economic policy.
The T.U.C. chiefs say they will be able to criticize the Government's proposals. They can do so more effectively if they refrain from wedding NED.
By joining NED, the T.U.C. weakens the fight against Tory pay-pause policies and the Tory Government. Mr. Gaitskell will have a convenient excuse to soft-pedal Labour's attack.
He will be able to trot out arguments against embarrassing "our T.U.C. friends who are engaged in complicated and delicate discussions" and so forth.
The T.U.C. should be told to keep out of NED and help to smash the pay-pause instead.
Task: find all the peculiarities of this style.
The style of official documents
Text
Letter of the Cargo Receivers in Reply to Their Request for Fractional Layer Discharging of Oil.
Messrs. M. Worthington &. Co., Ltd., Oil Importers, c/o Messrs. Williams & Co.; Ship Agents, 17 Fenchinch Street, London, E.. С , England
Dear Sirs,
Re: 9500 tons of Edible Oil under B/L Nos.: 2732, 3734, 4657 m/t Gorky ar'd 16.07
.
In connection with your request to start discharging the above cargo first by pumping out bottom layer 1'—2' deep into barges and then to go on with pumping the rest of the cargo into shore tanks 1 wish to point out the following.
As per clause of the Bill of Lading "Weight, quantity and quality unknown to me" the carrier is not responsible for the quantity and quality of the goods, but it is our duty to deliver the cargo in the same good order and conditions as loaded, it means that we are to deliver the cargo in accordance with the measurements taken after loading and in conformity with the samples taken from each tank on completion of loading.
Therefore if you insist upon such a fractional layer discharging of this cargo, I would kindly ask you to send
your representative tо take joint samples and measure-ments of each tank, on the understanding that duplicate samples, jointly taken and sealed, will be kept aboard our ship for further reference. The figures, obtained from; these measurements and analyses will enable you to give us clean receipts for the cargo in question, after which we shall immediately start discharging the cargo in full compliance, with our instructions.
It is, of course, understood, that, inasmuch as such discharging is not in strict compliance with established practice, you will bear all the responsibility, as well as the expenses and/or consequences arising therefrom, which please confirm.
Yours faithfully
С I. Shilov
Master of the m/t Gorky. 2.38 p.m.
Contents
Lexicology 1
1) Guessing and explaining the meaning 1
2) Borowings and international words 3
3) Affixation. Prefixes 5
4) Affixation. Suffixes 7
5) Conversion 9
6) Compounding 9
7) Types of meaning. Polysemy 12
8) Synonymy 12
9) Antonymy 13
10) Homonymy 14
11)Types of idioms. Proverbs 16
II) Theoretical grammar 18
1) General properties of a noun 18
2) Simple sentence 19
3) Members of the sentence 20
a) subject 20
b) predicate 21
c) object 22
d) attribute 23
e) adverbial modifier 23
4) The compound and the complex sentence 24
III) Stylistics 27
1) Layers of English language 27
a) literary words 27
b) colloquial words 28
2) Stylistic devices 30
a) epithet 30
b) metonymy 30
c) repetition 31
d) inversion 32
e) antithesis 33
f) alliteration 33
3) Sample texts 34
a) Scientific style 34
b) Newspaper style 35
c) Style of official documents 36
Source of material
McCarthy M., O’Dell F. English vocabulary in use: advanced.- Cambridge University press, 2002
McCarthy M., O’Dell F. English vocabulary in use:upper-intermidiate.- Cambridge University press,2001
Антрушина Г.Б Лексикология английского языка. - М., 1999
Кухаренко В.А. Seminars in style.М.,1970
Bloch M.Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar.- М., 1983
Каушанская В.Л Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка Л., «Просвещение», 1973