- •Guessing and explaining meaning of words.
- •Inferring meaning from context
- •Structure
- •Explaining unknown words
- •Exercises
- •1) Look at the following text. Before you read it, see if you know what the underlined words
- •Borrowings and international words
- •Exercises
- •Which of the words listed above are also used in your language?
- •3) Match the adjectives on the left with the noun they arc most likely to be associated with, on the right.
- •8) Read the following text. Copy out the international words. State to what sphere of human activity they belong.
- •Affixation. Prefixes.
- •Exercises
- •3. Use the word in brackets to complete the sentences. Add the necessary prefix and put the word in the correct form.
- •4. Using the table at the previous page construct words or phrases to replace the underlined words.
- •IV) Affixation. Suffixes.
- •Exercises
- •Each picture is of an object ending in -er. Can you name them?
- •List six jobs you would like to have in order of preference. How many different suffixes are there in your list? Do any of the job names not have a suffix? (e.G. Pilot, film star)
- •Which word is the odd one out in each group and why?
- •V) Conversion
- •VI) Compounding
- •Exercises
- •4. List as many compound adjectives beginning with self, as you can. Mark them p or n for positive or negative characteristics, or write neutral.
- •7. Which of the adjectives from this unit could you use to describe yourself or your friends members of your family?
- •1. The sentences given below contain synonyms. Write them out in groups and explain the difference where the words are familiar.
- •2. Give as many synonyms for the italicized words in the following jokes as you can. If you do not know any of them consult the dictionaries.
- •X) Homonymy
- •1. Each underlined word rhymes with, or sounds similar to, one of the words in brackets; choose the matching word.
- •4. Find the homonyms in the following extracts. Classify them into homonyms proper, homographs and homophones.
- •XI) Types of idioms. Proverbs.
- •2. Complete these idioms using the following prepositions: in, under, on, out, in, from, at. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •3. Rewrite each of these sentences using one of the idioms from exercise 2.
- •4. Read the following text. Compile a list of the phraseological units used in it. Classify them according to Academician Vinogradov's classification system for phraseological units.
- •1. Point out two-member sentences (say whether they are complete or elliptical) and one member sentences.
- •1. Point out the subject and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •State the nature of it. Translate into Russian.
- •1. Point out the kind of object and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •2. Point out the Complex Object and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.
- •1. Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian
- •2. Define the kinds of subordinate clauses (subject, object and predicative clauses). Translate into Russian.
- •3. Define the function of the following individual neologisms.
- •3. Differentiate professional and social jargonisms; classify them according to the narrow sphere of usage, suggest a terminological equivalent where possible.
- •1. State the type of relations existing between the object named and the object implied in the following examples of metonymy.
- •Repetition
- •1. Classify the following cases of repetition according to the position occupied by the repeated unit. State their functions.
- •1. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration.
- •2. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its function.
3. Define the function of the following individual neologisms.
1. Sbe was a young and unbeautiful woman. (I. Sh..) 2. I'll disown you, I' ll disinherit you, I'll ungct you! and damn me, if ever I call you back again! (Sh.) 3. She was . . . waiting for something to happen. Or for everything to unhappen. (Т. Н.) 4. She was . . . doing duty of her waitresshood. (T. H.) 5. Every man in his hours of success, tasted godhood. (At. W.)6. . . .tiny balls of fluff (chickens) passed on into seminaked pullethood and from that into dead henhood. (Sh. A.) 7. His youngness and singlemindedness were obvious enough. (S.) 8. But Miss Golightly, a fragile eyeful, . . . appeared relatively unconcerned. (Т. С.) 9. For a headful of reasons I refuse. (Т. С.)
10. It is the middle of a weekday morning with a stateful of sand and mountains around him. (A.M.) 11. His father . . . installed justly to make little boys feel littler and stupid boys aware of their stupidity. (St.) 12. You are becoming tireder and tireder. (H.) 13. "I love you mucher." "Plenty mucher? Me tooer." (J. Br.) 14. Oh, it was the killingest thing you ever saw. (K.A.) 15. "Mr. Harnilton, you haven't any children, have you?" "Well, no. And I'm sorry about that, I guess. I'm sorriest about that." (St.)16. Sometimes we are sleepy and fall asleep together in a corner, sometimes we are very hungry, sometimes we are a little frightened, but what is oftenest hard upon us is the cold. (D.)17. You're goddamndest boy. (I. Sh.) 18. She's the goddamest woman I ever saw. (St.) 19. I've been asked to appear in Rostand's wonderful fairy play.Wouldn't it be nice if you Englished it for us? (K.) 20. So: I'm not just talented. I'm geniused. (Sh. D.)
Colloquial words
Exercises
1. State the function of slang in the following examples, also paying attention to the morphological and syntactical characteristics of slang units and semantic and structural changes some of them underwent to become a slang expression.
1. "I'm the first one saw her. Out at Santa Anita she's hanging around the track every day. I'm interested: professionally I find out she's some jock's regular, she's living with the shrimp, I get the jock told Drop it if he don't want conversation with the vice boys: see, the kid's fifteen. But stylish: she's okay, she comes across. Even when she's wearing glasses this thick; even when she opens her mouth and you don't know if she's a hillbilly or an Okie or what, I still don't. My guess, nobody'll ever know where she came from. (T. C.)
Bejees, if you think you can play me for an easy mark, you've come to the wrong house. No one ever played Harry Hope for a sucker! (O'N.)
A cove couldn't be too careful. (D. C.)
I've often thought you'd make a corking good actress.(Dr.)
"When he told me his name was Herbert I nearly burst out laughing. Fancy calling anyone Herbert. A scream, I call it." (S.M.)
I steered him into a side street where it was dark and propped him against a wall and gave him a frisk.(O'N.)
7."I live upstairs." The answer seemed to explain enough to relax him. "You got the same layout?" "Much smaller."He tapped ash on the floor. "This is a dump. This is unbelievable. But the kid don't know how to live even when she's got the dough." (T. C.)
8. It is. But not so much the hope of booze, if you can believe that. I've got the blues and Hickey's a great one to make a joke of everything and cheer you up. (O'N.)
"George," she said, "you're a rotten liar. . . The part about the peace of Europe is all bosh." (Ch.)
She came in one night, plastered, with a sun-burned man, also plastered . . . (J. O'H.)
"Your friend got stinko and Fane had to send out for a bouncer." (J. O'H.)
"That guy just aint hep," Mazzi said decisively. "He's as unhep as a box, I can't stand people who aint hep." (J.)
2. Specify hackneyed vulgarisms and vulgarisms proper; determine the kind of emotion which had caused their usage.
1. . . .a hyena crossed the open on his way around the hill. "That bastard crosses there every night," the man said.(H.)
Suddenly Percy snatched the letter . . . "Give it back to me, you rotten devil," Peter shouted. "You know damn well it doesn't say that. I'll kick your big fat belly. I swear I will." (J. Br.)
"Look at the son of a bitch down there: pretending he's one of the boys today." (J.)
"How are you, Cartwright? This is the very devil of a business, you know. The very devil of a business." (Ch.)
"Poor son of a bitch," he said. "I feel sorry for him, and I'm sorry I was bastardly." (J.)
I'm no damned fool! I couldn't go on believing forever that gang was going to change the world by shooting off their loud traps on soapboxes and sneaking around blowing up a lousy building or a bridge! I got wise, it was all a crazy pipe dream! (O'N.)