2. State system of the russian federation

The Russian Federation is set up by the Constitution of 1993 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. According to the Constitution Russia is a Presidential Republic. It is headed by the President who is elected for a four-year term. The President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces; he makes treaties and enforces laws, appoints the Prime Minister, cabinet members and key judges. The President can override and, in some cases, even dissolve the national parliament.

The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by President.

The Federal Assembly, consisting of the Council of Federation (Upper Chamber) and the State Duma (Lower Chamber), exercises legislative power. The members of the State Duma are elected by popular vote for a four-year period. The Federation Council is not elected. It is formed of two representatives of every subject of the Russian Federation. One of them represents executive branch (appointed by the governor), and the other one is the representative of legislative power (appointed by local legislative body). The Federal Assembly is also called the Parliament though the name is not official. Both Chambers are headed by chairmen sometimes called speakers.

Legislature may be initiated in either of the two chambers. However, to become a law a bill must be approved by both chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill.

The executive power belongs to the Government, which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is forming the Cabinet.

The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and regional courts. The responsibility of the Constitutional Court is to analyze the new laws to make sure they correspond to the laws of the Russian Federation. The Supreme Court is the highest instance for the civil and criminal cases. The main law of Russia is the Constitution. It guarantees the rights of the citizens of Russia. The most important rights that all people enjoy are the following: the right on life, on freedom in choosing the religion, on the privacy of the house, correspondence and life, on education, healthcare, and juridical protection.

Russian is the state language of the country. It is spoken throughout the whole territory of the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, each republic within Russia has its own national language.

Religions are diverse on the territory of Russia. The Slavs are mostly Orthodox Christians. The Turkic speakers are mainly Muslim. The Mongolians are customarily Buddhist.

The State symbol of Russia is a three-coloured banner with three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue one stands for the sky, and the red one signifies liberty. It was the first state symbol that replaced the former symbols in 1991. The anthem of Russia is created by Alexandrov and Mikhalkov. The national coat of arms is a two-headed eagle. It is the most ancient symbol of Russia. It originates from the heraldic emblem of the Ruricoviches.

Task I. Answer the questions.

1. What does the federal government consist of?

2. What are the functions of the President?

3. What body is the legislative power vested in?

4. How does a bill become a law?

5. What is the main law of Russia?

6. What are the executive and judicial branches represented by?

7. What are the official symbols of Russia?