II Past Simple or Present Perfect

1. The classical economist (to regard) money as no more than a medium of exchange. 2. The large scale transfer of ownership of industry from the public sector to the private sector (to lead) to an important increase in the individual ownership of shares.

3. An Equal Pay Act (to come) into force in Britain in December 1975.

4. The Bank Charter Act of 1844 (to follow) a long dispute about the control of money supply.

5. Up to now we (to test) five applications.

6. Bank-notes first (to come) into use in Britain during the seventeenth century. 7. The distribution of industry (to become) now a major feature of government economic policy.

8. In many countries economic development (to lead) to periods of rapid populating growth.

9. In recent years the government (to provide) financial assistance towards the costs of developments in micro-electronics, office automation, computer-aided design, robots and aerospace.

10. Resent years (to see) substantial changes in the occupational distribution of the labor force.

11. The human resources director (to say) that he would like to introduce a new working system.

12. Turnover (to increase) by 5 per cent this year.

13. The large-scale adoption of computer technology (to have) a dramatic effect on the work of the Stock Exchange.

14. Their unpaid debts (to reach) an unacceptable level.

15. There (to be) a tendency in recent years to move away from the rigid distinction between macro- and microeconomics.

16. You (to choose) the advertising agency yet?

17. Head Office (to decide) that they’re going to make 300 employees redundant.

III Past Simple (Continuous) or Past Perfect 1. By the 1930s the birth rate in Britain (to fall) to less than one half the rate experienced during the 19th century. 2. I suggested meeting again after we (to read) the proposals. 3. When the company (to join) the New York stock market, it (to be) already on the London market for 5 years. 4. It (to be) a tough winter. Three senior managers (to leave) when John Smith (to take) over. 5. The officials (to report) that the company (to have) a good year. 6. As soon as we (to install) the new line, productivity (to go) up.

7. I (to understand) the marketing part of the course much better after my internship (to finish).

8. Before I was (to promote) to Sales Director, I (to be) a sales consultant in our main city-centre branch.

9. I (to revise) for my Economics exam when you (to call).

10. Before I (to get) my full-time job at the bank, I (already/to work) there for several months as an intern.

IV Past Continuous or Past Simple 1. He (not/to see) anything while the meeting (to go) on. 2. While we (to discuss) cost cutting measures, the company (to present) the poor results. 3. He (to work) for his father’s company when the merger (to take) place.

4. Yesterday at six, John (drive) to the airport.

5. While Claire (have) lunch in the cantine, Mary and Will (talk) to a customer.

6. I (prepare) the invoice, when my computer suddenly crashed.

7. When we (sit) in the meeting, Joseph suddenly got a hiccup.

8. Our company (start) business in 1995.

9. We (order) the goods two months ago.

10. I (send) you the letter last week.

11. We (receive) your order yesterday.

12. The postman (come) in, (give) me the documents and (leave) .

13. When I (arrive) , Anne was talking on the phone.

14. I (get / not) your letter yesterday.

15. Mister O'Brian (be / not) in the office last week.

16. (Sarah / go) to the trade fair on Thursday?

17. (you / ring) me ten minutes ago?

18. I (gossip / not) with Amy when you came in - we (discuss) a serious problem.

19. Bob and I (walk) to the office, when it suddenly started to rain.

20. During the week of the conference, I (stay) at a nice B&B.

21. Where (you / stay) during your time in London?

22. Who (do) my job while I was in hospital? V Future Simple or Future Continuous 1. Changes in the total population and changes in the age distribution (to affect) on both the total demand for goods and services and the composition of that demand. 2. An increase in price usually means that production (to become) more profitable. 3. The imposition of indirect taxes (to bring) about changes in supply. 4. In a situation of full employment, the supply of most goods and services (to be) inelastic. 5. Economic theory indicates that, under monopoly, output (to be) lower and price (to be) higher than would be the case under perfect competition.   6. Changes in the rate of interest on government securities often (to affect) share prices. 7. Competition between firms (to lead) to the illumination of firms, which are unable to change their products and their methods of productions. 8. When population is growing fast, the proportion of people in the younger age (to increase).

9. I (give) you my business card.

10. We (fax) our order.

11. If you fax your order immediately, we (send) the goods today.

12. If we do not order today, we (receive / not) the goods in time.

13. Question: What (change / you) in the next campaign?

Answer: We (start) planning the campaign earlier.

And we (focus) on a specific target group.

14. Question: How (do / you) that?

Answer: We (cram / not) that much information into our campaign.

Instead, the campaign (leave) just one clear message.

15. Question: Which target group (reach / you) ?

Answer: Our next campaign (target) at housewives aged 30 to 40.

16. Question: How (get / you) these prospects to buy our products?

Answer: The campaign (make) clear that these products can make life a lot easier for the housewife

VI Open the brackets and use the verbs in Present Perfect Continuous 1. The demand for bread (to decline) in Western Europe for several years. 2. The drift of the population and employment to the suburbs (to go) on for a long time. 3. We (to develop) this product for three years. 4. Sales (to fall) recently. 5. We (to test) five new applications since the beginning of the year. 6. In recent years a large volume of short-term capital or "hot money" (to move) from one country to another seeking greater security or higher interest rates.

7. We (do) business since 1995.

8. Mister Vincent (wait) in the entrance hall for 20 minutes already.

9. Our company (supply) pumps for almost 20 years.

10. I need a break - I (type) in those numbers for three hours now.

11. These customers (purchase) our machines for over a decade.

12. For the last 30 minutes, I (try) to get through to Misses Ryan.

13. Jane (work / not) here for two years, but for five years.

UNIT 2

PASSIVE VOICE

be + III форма

правильные глаголы + -ed

неправильные ильные глаголы (III форма)

	Действительный залог (Само подлежащее совершает действие) (Active Voice)	Страдательный залог (Действие совершается над подлежащим) (Passive Voice)
INFINITIVE	I ask He asks They ask He asked We asked They will ask Они спрашивают/ спрашивали/будут спрашивать	I am asked He is asked They are asked He was asked We were asked They will be asked Их спрашивают/спрашивали/будут спрашивать
CONTINUOUS	I am asking He is asking They are asking He was asking They were asking They will be asking Они сейчас спрашивают /тогда спрашивали/будут спрашивать завтра	I am being asked He is being asked They are being asked He was being asked They were being asked Их сейчас спрашивают/тогда спрашивали/завтра будут спрашивать
PERFECT	He has asked They have asked He/They had asked He|/They will have asked Они уже спросили/спросят	He has been asked They have been asked He/They had been asked He/They will have been asked Его / Их уже спросили

Open the brackets and use the verb in the appropriate form of the passive voice.

1. Most government securities are marketable and may (to buy) and (to sell) on the Stock Exchange. 2. The precious metals first (to use) as money on the basis of weight. 3. A personnel manager (to appoint). 4. These products (to design) by a special team. 5. Based on the total figure, it appears that an error (to make) in the budget.

6. The price of a product (to determine) by the interaction of demand and supply.

7. Raw materials and agricultural products usually (to sell) in open markets, where the influence of cost on supply (to pronounce) much less.

8. The gradual trend towards larger enterprises (to confine) to manufacturing industry.

9. Each individual firm may obtain its components and other requirements at relatively low cost because they (to produce) for the industry.

10. Units of production (to refer) officially to as establishments.

11. The ordinary shareholder (to entitle) to the residue of profits after all other claims (to meet).

12. The ordinary share capital of a company (to refer) to as the equity of the company. 13. Prices (to determined) by supply and demand and the willingness to buy and sell is subject to much influence.

14. The output of agricultural products (to affect) seriously by variations in weather conditions.

15. The management knew what prices (to ask) for the commodity in every part of the market.

16. If we assume that the stock of capital (to increase) relative to the stocks of the other factors of production, the returns to capital will be diminishing.

17. Monetary policy (to employ) as a means of control in the 1950s, but (to use) more wildly since the 1970s.

18. A lot of production (to move) overseas to countries where labor is cheap.

UNIT 3

MODAL VERBS.

Возможность / Невозможность	Вероятность, уверенность	Предположение, неуверенность	Физическая возможность, умение
can (could)- могу (мог) по обстоятельствам Anybody can make a mistake. – Ошибиться может каждый. may (только в утверд. предложениях)=can=It's possible - могу по факту You may (can) find everything here. – Вы можете найти все здесь. Can he buy it here? – Он может это здесь купить?	must = will/would = probably = evidently - вероятно, должно быть, очевидно (неперфектный инфинитив относит предложение к наст., перфектный – к прошлому) He must be mad. Он, должно быть, сумасшедший. He must have lost the key. – Вероятно, он потерял ключ. That will be my wife. – Это, конечно, моя жена. Must не используется для будущего. Вместо него – probably. He will probably feel lonely. – Ему, очевидно, одиноко.	may, might, maybe, perhaps - может быть, возможно (неперфектный инфинитив относит предложение к наст. или будущему, перфектный - к прошлому) They may arrive tomorrow. – Они, возможно, приедут завтра. They may have arrived yesterday. – Может быть они уже приехали вчера.	can - умею, могу. He can swim very well. - Он очень хорошо умеет плавать. could - умел, мог (прошедшее время от can). When a child, I could run very fast. - Когда я был маленьким, я бегал (умел бегать) очень быстро.
be able to, not be able to, and be unable to - вместо can и can't, когда их нельзя, а также в значении "смог / не смог" He had been unable to get a ticket. – Он не смог достать билет.	ought to – что-то ожидаемое: должно быть, наверное. You ought to be hungry by now. – Вы, наверное, голодны.
	should = ought to, но только для наст. или буд. времени. The guests shouldn't come. – Гости вряд ли придут.
Упрек	Удивление	Разрешение	Приглашение
ought not + перф. инф. = shouldn't + перф. инф.- что-то было сделано, а не должно было You oughtn't to have laughed at his mistake. – Вам не следовало смеяться над его ошибкой.	can, could (большая степень) в вопросе - неужели Can it be so late? - Неужели уже так поздно? Чтобы сказать о прошлом используется Perfect Infinitive. Can it have been so late? – Неужели было так поздно?	may (форм.), might (самое форм., вежливые просьбы), can (более употреб. неформ.) Can we go home, Miss? – Можно нам домой, мисс? Might I borrow your book? – Можно мне взять вашу книгу? be allowed to – разрешено кем-то и исполнено When translating the story we were allowed to use a dictionary, so I took my new one. – Во время перевода рассказа нам разрешили пользоваться словарем, поэтому я взял мой новый словарь.	must You must come and see me! – Вы обязательно должны прийти навестить меня.
could, might – что-то было не сделано, но должно было – мог бы You could meet me at the station. – Мог бы и встретить меня на станции. could, might + перф.инф – раздражение
ought to + перф.инф. – что-то было не сделано, но должно было: следовало бы You ought to have helped him. – Тебе бы следовало помочь ему.
Предложение	Вежливые просьбы	Угроза	Ненужность
shall – в вопросах, переводится инфинитивом следующего за ним глагола Shall I read? – Мне читать?	can, could (более вежливый) Can you pass me the salt? –Не могли бы вы передать соль.	shall That day shall come. – Этот день придет. You shall suffer. – Ты будешь страдать.	needn't + перф. инф. - зря, не к чему было We needn't have waited for so long. – Мы зря прождали так долго.
	will, would (более вежливый) Would you please pass the salt? – Не могли бы вы передать соль.

Fill in the blanks with the following modal verbs: can, could, may, might, must, have to, should, to be to, need in the positive or negative form.

1. When I worked for ABC Group, only the purchasing manager… authorize the purchase of office equipment. 2. By this time next year we … still reach target sales. 3. I t’s a company rule-personnel … smoke in the company canteen. 4. We are having a good year and sales … exceed our forecast by 15percent. 5. When I worked there, only supervisory staff … buy production from the company shop.

6. Because of the good results, we … bring the investment forward.. 7. If we replace our present agent we … still reach target sales. 8. When I was area manager, I … visit five customers a day. 9. This is a danger area. Employees … not enter this area without protective clothing.

10. Companies …. advertise to let consumers know they exist.

11. I think we ….aim at the top of the market.

12. Interest rates…. come down soon -- that’s what the economists are predicting.

13. In many companies employees must not wear jeans, but they …. wear a formal suit and tie.

14. Marketing is not as important for high street retailers as for online retailers, and you …. spend less on advertising than online retailers.

15. Banks … to hold a proportion of their assets as a reserve in case customers demand repayment of their deposits.

16. Expanding industries may …to pay higher wages to attract labor that they require.

17. Firms …to have confidence in future sales if they …to produce new goods and services.

19. Customer-tracking systems … provide help for customers when it is appropriate.

20. Customer tracking is often badly perceived by online shoppers, who … prefer to shop privately.

UNIT 4

CONDITIONALS

• Zero conditional (нулевой тип условия)

• First conditional (первый тип условия)

• Second conditional (второй тип условия)

• Third conditional (третий тип условия)

• Mixed conditional (смешанный тип условия)

Тип условия	Есть ли слово "бы"?	О каком времени речь в предложении?	Пример	"Формула"
Zero conditional	нет	Настоящее- речь не об одной конкретной ситуации, а о чем-то, что верно всегда.	Если хранить кофе в морозильнике, то аромат сохраняется дольше. If you keep coffee in the freezer, its aroma stays longer.	If + present simple/Present simple
I conditional	нет	Будущее	Если ты купишь сливок, я сделаю народный английский десерт "trifle" ("купишь" и "сделаю" - относится к ближайшему будущему"). If you buy some cream, I'll make some trifle.	If + present simple /will + 1st form
II conditional	да	Настоящее или будущее	Если бы я жил в Амстердаме, я бы ходил в музей Ван Гога каждый день. (я не живу там и не хожу в музей сейчас – т.е. в настоящем времени). If I lived in Amsterdam, I'd visit the Van Gogh museum every day.	If + past simple / would + 1st form
III conditional	да	Прошедшее	Если бы ты купил билеты заранее, мы бы увидели этот концерт. (не купил в прошлом, и не увидели – тоже в прошлом). If you had bought the tickets in advance, we would've seen the concert.	If + past perfect /would have + 3rd form
Mixed conditional	да	Одна часть предложения (с "если") - в прошедшем времени. Другая часть (результат этого "если") - в настоящем.	Если бы я вышла замуж за Питера Джексона 20 лет назад, мы бы жили сейчас в Новой Зеландии. (не вышла замуж – в прошлом, а жила бы в Новой Зеландии - сейчас). If I had married Peter Jackson 20 years ago, we'd live in New Zealand now.	If + past perfect | would + 1st form

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense and say if the conditions are real, unreal, referring to the present (future) or unreal referring to the past. Translate the sentences.

1. If incomes (to rise), the demand for most goods and services (to tend) to increase. 2. If the price of buffer (to fall), the demand for margarine (to fall) probably. 3. If the supplier of such a commodity (to be) to raise the price, many buyers (to turn) to the close substitutes.

4. If the consultant (to do) more careful research, he (to identify) the gap in the market.

5. If the market for our products (to expand), we (to have) a 20 per cent increase in turnover next year.

6. If we (to increase) production volume, we (to benefit)from a more economic batch size.

7. If wages (to rise), unemployment (to increase).

8. Unless we (to reach) break-even point within six months, we (to have) to ask for another bank loan.

9. If the agent (to be) to default on the agreement, we (to take) legal action.

10. I (may) consider reducing the price, if you (increase) your order.

11. If your conditions are competitive, we (place) an order.

12. If I had more time, I (do) a course in business English.

13. If we had known more about their culture, negotiating (be) easier.

14. If you (customize) your CV, your chances of getting a job will be better.

15. We (cancel) our order if you don't deliver the goods by Friday.

16. If Brittany (speak) better English, she would apply for a job abroad.

17. If you (tell) me about the problem, I would have helped you.

18. I (let) you know if I weren't satisfied.

19. If you execute the order carelessly, they (place / not) another order with you in the future.

20. If I were you, I (worry / not) about the presentation.

UNIT 5

REVISION (1)