The Tomb of Mausoleum

The Tomb of Mausoleum in Asia Minor (since that time the word “mausoleum” has come into life as the name for the funerary monuments erected in honor of the outstanding persons), belongs to the seven wonders of the world. The Tomb of Mausoleum was made in the 4^th century B.C. and they say that the great master Scopias took part in that wonderful creation. The Tomb is featured by the massive simplicity, unique architectural devices, fine geometry and surprisingly beautiful general sight. The three-staged structure reached the height of about 50 meters. The Tomb had been standing and producing a really great impression for 19 centuries as the monument of architecture and as the sign of devotion of Artemisia (Mausoleum’ s wife) to her husband and her king.

Vocabulary:

1) in honor of – в честь кого-то;

2) outstanding – выдающийся;

3) feature – черта, особенность;

4) device – приспособление, механизм, устройство;

5) sight – вид (внешний);

6) reach – достигать, доезжать;

7) sign – знак.

6. Read and translate the text.

The Colossus of Rhodes

In the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea in eighteen km from the Asia Minor peninsular there lies a small island Rhodes, the center of the Aegean culture.

The statue of the God of Sun or Helios (sometimes The King of the Sun) on the island of Rhodes belongs to the Seven Wonders of the World. The statue is mostly known as the Colossus of Rhodes. It was erected in the 3^rd century B.C. On the knoll seven meters high dressed with marble there stood the figure of the youth made of gold. The statue itself was about 36 meters high. The life of that wonder was short enough about 50 years, but the fame proved to be very long – for ages! The earthquakes characteristic of Asia Minor destroyed the Colossus of Rhodes in 224 B.C., but the remains of the wonder are occasionally found in the deep-sea waters.

Vocabulary:

1) island – остров;

2) culture – культура;

3) cultural – культурный;

4) statue – скульптура;

5) earthquake – землетрясение.

7. Read and translate the text.

The Pharos of Alexandria

Alexander the Great had established the new capital of the Hellenic Egypt in 331 B.C. It was famous Alexandria. Not so far from Alexandria, on the rocky island Pharos in the Nile’s mouth there existed one of the Seven Wonders of the World – The Pharos of Alexandria (“beacon” in English). Limestone, marble, granite and other durable and beautiful materials were used for that construction. The structure consisted of the three towers, the highest tower played the part of the lantern. It was supplied with the dome on the granite columns and crowned with the statue of the God of the Sea – Poseidon. It was eight meters high. The Pharos of Alexandria struck imagination of everybody, who was lucky to see it, by the height, beauty and the engineering solution of the problem of light reflection. In the vicinity of 100 miles ships and boats were able to detect the location of the harbor due to the complicated system of mirrors. For 1.500 years the beacon served people and was destroyed by earthquakes and winds.

Vocabulary:

1) establish – основывать;

2) supply – снабжать;

3) location – местонахождение,

4) complicated – сложный;

5) durable – прочный;

6) lantern – фонарь.

8. Answer the questions.

1. How many pyramids exist now?

2. Who ordered to create the Hanging Gardens and why?

3. What was the height of each storey of the Hanging Gardens?

4. Why did the citizens of Ephesus erect the beautiful temple?

5. Who did the Statue of Zeus?

6. What are the characteristic features of the Tomb of Mausoleum?

7. Where is Rhodes situated?

8. What materials were used for the Pharos of Alexandria?

9. When was the Statue of Zeus destroyed?

10. What is the only remained wonder of the world?

11. What was destroyed in 224 B.C.?

12. Who destroyed the Temple of Artemis?

13. What was the height of the Colossus of Rhodes?

14. When was the Tomb of Mausoleum made?

15. What crowned the Pharos of Alexandria?

9. Find synonyms to the following words in the text and make four sentences with them.

A long way from, happy, miracle, fabulous, execute, famous, produce, sculptor, sight, participate, cupol, link, decision, called, destroy, place, wealth, defender, glory, achieve.

10. Choose the right word.

1. The Hanging Gardens are connected with the name of the ____ Assyrian Queen Semiramide.

a) unknown;

b) fair;

c) legendary.

2. The word “mausoleum” has come into life as the name for the ____ monuments erected in honor of the outstanding persons.

a) divine;

b) funerary;

c) distinctive.

3. In the Libyan Desert you can see the only ____ wonder of the world – the Egyptian pyramids.

a) left;

b) attractive;

c) remained.

4. Artemis was considered to be the ____ and in her honor the Temple was erected in 530 B.C.

a) supreme;

b) superior;

c) super.

5. The life of the statue of the God of Sun was ____ enough about 50 years.

a) average;

b) short;

c) long.

6. The statue of Zeus was made of gold, wood, ivory and ____ stones.

a) expensive;

b) beautiful;

c) precious.

7. Limestone, marble, granite and other ____ and beautiful materials were used for the Pharos of Alexandria.

a) durable;

b) flexible;

c) complicated.

8. When the white-marble wonder was accomplished – it was something unbelievably ____.

a) modern;

b) brilliant;

c) beautiful.

11. Match the beginning of the sentences to their ends using information from the text.

1. The Hanging Gardens are connected with the name of the legendary Assyrian Queen Semiramide	a) fine geometry and surprisingly beautiful general sight.
2. Zeus Statue was destroyed during the fire in	b) ), but later on the citizens restored the beauty.
3. Once there were about 80 pyramids, the oldest one was Zocer’s pyramid	c) the Temple was erected in 530 B.C.
4. On the knoll seven meters high dressed with marble	d) in the other hand – the king’s scepter with the eagle on the top.
5. Zeus’s daughter Artemis was considered to be the supreme and in her honor	e) but it hasn’t been proved yet.
6. The Pharos of Alexandria struck imagination of everybody, who was lucky to see it,	f) made by the first named architect Imhotep in the 3rd millennium B.C.
7. The Tomb is featured by the massive simplicity, unique architectural devices,	g) as the monument of architecture and as the sign of devotion of Artemisia to her husband and her king.
8. In one hand Zeus was holding the statue of Nicka (winged goddess of Victory),	h) the palace of the Constantinople Emperor Theodosius II in the 5th century A.D.
9. In 356 B.C. the Temple of Artemis was destroyed (set on fire by Herostratus	i) by the height, beauty and the engineering solution of the problem of light reflection.
10. The Tomb had been standing and producing a really great impression for 19 centuries	j) there stood the figure of the youth made of gold.

12. Add suffixes and make a) adjectives, b) verbs. Translate them.

a) -ary: element, fragment, legent, revolution, parliament;

-ar: column, module, line, circle, tube;

-ory: regulate, illusion, advise;

-an: Rome, urb, Assyria, Corbusier, basilica;

b) -ify: beauty, class, glory, fort, simple, intense.

13. Write a written translation.

1. Одним из самых грандиозных сооружений был Александрийский маяк, построенный на острове Фарос Состратом из Книда в 283 г. до н.э. Он состоял из трех ярусов, первый был квадратный в плане, стены ориентированы по сторонам света. Второй ярус был восьмигранным, по направлению восьми главных ветров. Третий ярус увенчивал купол, на котором стояла восьмиметровая статуя Посейдона. Огонь 120-метрового маяка был виден на расстоянии 60 км.

2. Одним из семи чудес света в древности была признана статуя Зевса для храма в Олимпии высотой 18 метров. Она выполнена из золота и слоновой кости. Зевс держал на правой руке, опиравшейся на ручку трона, Нику, левая его рука опиралась на жезл, на верхушке которого сидел орел. Вокруг каждой ножки трона танцевало по четыре Ники, передние ножки завершались сфинксами, на перекладине между ножками было изображено восемь видов олимпийских состязаний.

14. Translate into Russian without dictionary.

The Tomb of Mausoleum was rectangular in plan, with base dimention of about 40m (120ft) by 30 m (100ft). Overlying the foundation there was a stepped podium which sides were decorated with statues. The burial chamber and the sarcophagus of white alabaster decorated with gold were located on the podium and surrounded by Ionic columns. The colonnade supported a pyramid roof which wes in turn decorated with statues, A statue of chariot pulled by horses adorned the top of the tomb.

The total height of the Mausoleum was 45 m (140ft). This was broken down into 20m (60ft) for the stepped podium, 12m (38ft) for the colonnade, 7m (22ft) for the pyramid, and 6m (20ft) for the chariot statue at the top.

The beauty of the Mausoleum was not only in the structure itself, but in the decorations and statues that adorned the outside at different levels on the podium and the roof. these were tens of life-size as well as under and over life-size free-standing statues of people, lions, horses and other animals. The statues were carved by four Greek sculptors: Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus, each responsible for one side. As the statues were of people ans animals, the Mausoleum holds a special place in history as it was not dedicated to the gods of Ancient Greece.

15. Make and act the dialogue using the following questions.

1. Have you heard about the Seven Wonders of the World?

2. What are they?

3. What do you know about ...?

4. What monument would you like to see if you lived in the past?

16. Tell about the Seven Wonders of the World.