4. Укажите номера герундиальных оборотов, соответствующих русскому переводу.

1. Scientists consider … (что здоровье человека зависит те только от питательной, но и разнообразной пищи). 2. Everybody knows of … (что жизнь без пищи невозможна). 3. (То, что кондитерское производство имеет длинную историю) is a well-known fact. 4. (То, что сахар является необходимым ингредиентом сладких кондитерских изделий) proves its significance. 5. Long ago people found (что какао бобы являются хорошим материалом для производства шоколада и какао порошка). 6. It was recognized (что значительное развитие кондитерского производства началось в 17 веке). 7. The fact (что открытие тростникового сахара сыграло большую роль в развитии кондитерского производства) is evident. 8. One must know (что срок хранения шоколада зависит от условий его производства и хранения). 9. The newspaper reports (что реконструкция этой кондитерской фабрики начнется в ближайшем будущем). 10. (После того, как кондитерская фабрика была реконструирована) its output considerably increased.

1. Confectionery industry having a long history 2. considerable development of confectionery production beginning in the 17^th century. 3. the reconstruction of this confectionary starting in the nearest future. 4. of cane sugar discovery playing a great part in the development of confectionery production. 5. human health depending not only on nutritive but also varied food. 6. chocolate shelf life depending on the conditions of its manufacture and storage. 7. After the confectionary having been reconstructed 8. Sugar being an essential ingredient of confections 9. life being impossible without food. 10. cacao beans being good material for the manufacture of chocolate and cocoa powder.

5. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык, используя герундий.

1. Из-за большого разнообразия кондитерских изделий много разных ингредиентов требуется для их производства. 2. Каждый знает, что сахар и шоколад являются основным сырьевым материалом в кондитерском производстве. 3. Употребление подслащивающих веществ, кроме сахара является характерным в производстве конфет. 4. Нельзя также не упомянуть об использовании ароматических и красящих веществ в кондитерских изделиях. 5. Не зная свойств различных сахаров, кондитер не сможет получить качественную продукцию. 6. То, что качество конфет сильно зависит от концентрации сахара, хорошо известно. 7. В производстве карамели, помадки и пастилы кондитеры используют различные технологии. 8. В настоящее время кондитеры уделяют большое внимание расширению ассортимента кондитерских изделий.

TEXT B₃^а “PROGRESS IN CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTION”

1. Прочитайте текст и выделите абзацы, которые содержат основную информацию.

2. Перечислите факторы, способствовавшие эффективному развитию кондитерского производства.

3. Назовите все виды кондитерского оборудования на английском языке; выпишите их в тетрадь.

Confectionery industry has a long history. It goes back into ancient times. It starts with the discovery of honey. Ancient people learnt to mix honey with chopped fruit and nuts. It was a delicious sweetmeat. This was the first confectionery item in the world. When in the middle ages cane sugar was brought to Europe it was used for the production of sugar sweets.

Chocolate was first brought to Europe by the Spaniards in the 16^th century. At that time it was used as a beverage. Later on the manufacture of chocolate candies was started in France. The first chocolate candies consisted of ground cacao beans¹ and sugar and were prepared by the mere mixing of these two ingredients.

The 17^th century was a period of considerable progress in confectionery. Many new types of confectionery goods appeared. But till the end of the 18^th century most of the processes in confectionery production had been carried out manually (by hand) or water-driven machines. The invention of steam power engines by James Watt gave rise to the development of confectionery machinery as well.

Nowadays all the processes in confectionery production are done by machines. At a chocolate producing plant cleaning and grading machines² free raw beans of foreign bodies, such as clay, metal, stone, fibre, etc.

Various roasters³ are usually installed at modern plants for roasting cacao beans. Removal of shell and germ is also carried out by machines. The cacao bean from which the shell and germ were removed is called a nib⁴. Nibs are fed into the hopper⁵ of a grinding mill⁶ which grinds them into a liquor⁷. The liquor is pumped to a pressing machine⁸ for extraction of cacao-butter. At this stage of production cocoa powder can be made. If chocolate is to be produced the liquor is passed to the melangeurs⁹ or mixing machines (mixers) and some sugar is added to the mass.

The treatment of conching¹⁰ imparts very fine physical structure to chocolate and improves its taste. After conching the chocolate is moulded, cooled and wrapped. This procedure is almost entirely automatic at modern confectionery factories.

¹ cacao [kə'kau] beans - какао-бобы

cocoa [kə'kou] - какао (порошок, напиток)

² cleaning and grading machine – очистительная и сортировочная машина

³ roaster – обжарочный аппарат

⁴ nib - ядро

⁵ hopper – загрузочная воронка, бункер

⁶ grinding mill – размольная машина, дробилка, мельница

⁷ liquor ['likə] - раствор

⁸ pressing machine – отжимное устройство, пресс

⁹ melangeur = mixer – меланжер, смеситель

¹⁰ conching ['kɔn∫iŋ] - конширование

conching machine – конш-машина (шоколадно-отделочная)

TEXT B₃^b “THE PRODUCTION OF CHOCOLATE AND

COCOA POWDER”

1. Прочитав текст, разделите его на логические части и озаглавьте их.

2. Назовите все операции переработки сырья на кондитерской фабрике.

3. Докажите, что качество шоколада зависит от условий его хранения.

4. Используя текст, составьте схему технологии производства шоколада.

Chocolate and cocoa powder are made from cacao beans, the seeds of cacao tree. When cacao beans are ripe they are extracted from the pods¹ and are fermented. The period of fermentation covers 7-12 days and is of great importance for the quality of cacao beans. After fermentation the beans are dried, bagged and shipped to the market.

At a confectionery factory the beans are cleaned and graded. Then they are roasted and passed through grinding mills which change them to a thick liquid called liquor. The liquor is passed through a press which extracts 70-80 per cent of the cacao butter. The rest of butter remains in the cocoa. Then the mass is powdered and becomes cocoa.

In order to make chocolate the liquor from grinding mill is put into melangeur, sugar and some cacao butter being added to it. If milk chocolate is to be made, milk is added. The mass is heated and rolled on either a stone or steel plate. The latter process is called “conching” and takes 3-72 hours.

Finally the product is poured into moulds and cooled. Now the chocolate is ready for wrapping and shipping to the consumer.

Care should be taken in the storage of chocolate as it will become affected by external conditions. The two most important factors are humidity and temperature. High degree of humidity causes moisture condensing on the product and sugar dissolving in the mixture. On later water evaporation sugar crystals will appear as a gray excrescence² on the surface of the chocolate. This is called sugar bloom³. The presence of a stabilizer such as lecithin has an inhibiting effect on this phenomenon.

If the storage room is too warm, the cacao butter in the mass will melt and expand. The less dense fat will rise to the surface of the chocolate and on later cooling will solidify there forming a grayish-white film. This is known as fat bloom.

Proper working of chocolate, tempering⁴ and storage of the product will prevent it from undergoing this defect.

¹ pods – стручки

² excrescence – нарост

³ bloom – цветение

⁴ tempering – темперирование, кондиционирование

Письменно переведите тексты на русский язык.

TEXT C₃^a “MANUFACTURE OF COCOA”

Notes

1. kill – дробилка

2. chocolate liquor – какао тертое

3. grinding stones – жернова

4. pot – зд. чан, камера

5. cake – жмых

Cocoa, as a beverage, is an important addition to the diet because of its food value and slightly stimulating effect. Quite a lot of cocoa is used by the confectionery industry in the making of candy.

The preliminary process in the manufacture of cocoa are similar to those of chocolate. The raw beans are cleaned, roasted, cracked and freed from the shell and germ.

The roasted nibs are transferred to the kills¹ to be converted to chocolate liquor². The grinding, in this case, is very thorough.

Modern practice in the grinding of nibs includes the use of disk mills. These mills, being water-cooled, prevent over-heating and have a much larger output than the regular grinding stones³. The chocolate liquor is then pumped to hydraulic presses where most of the cacao-butter is removed.

The hydraulic press consists of 5 metal pots⁴ with perforated beds. By means of control valves the pots are automatically filled. The closing of the pots is also automatic and is accomplished by the use of strong springs. The press cakes⁵ are automatically ejected from the pots and are ready to be converted into cocoa.

To be converted into cocoa powder, the cakes must be cooled and then broken into small pieces. The broken cakes are passed over a magnetic separator to remove any metallic particles that may be present, and are then ground to a fine powder. The powdered cocoa is sifted and ready to be packed.

TEXT C₃^b “FROM THE HISTORY OF THE CONFECTIONERY”

Notes

1. spread – паста; намазывать

2. grape – виноград

3. quince – айва

4. duty - пошлина

The first sweet spread¹ used was almost certainly honey, but a fruity spread is reported by Pliny to have been used by both the Greeks and the Romans, called by the latter “de fructum”. It was obtained by boiling down grapes², but was commonly mixed with wine or milk to produce a sweet dish. The word “marmalade” is said to be derived from the Potruguese word Marmelo – a quince³, and there are accounts of its use in the sixteenth century.

Fruits other than quinces and oranges were used for making marmalade, but when other fruits were used, the product became known as “Jam”, a word which is alleged to be derived from the French “J’aime” and was first referred to in 1730. Others say it comes from the Arabian word Jamad for preserved fruit.

Home-made jam or marmalade steadily gained in popularity, but it was not until the early part of the nineteenth century that it was made commercially. The cheapening of sugar by reduction of the heavy duty⁴ in 1874 led to a rapid increase in manufacture, and Britain became a jam-maker on a world-wide scale.

Jam can be described as a preparation made by boiling fruit with sugar to produce a consistency firm enough to spread on bread and capable of being transported without flow talking place. Jams are eaten primarily for their pleasant flavour, hence the type of fruit is important. So are also the colour and freshness of the fruit.

Маргарита Ставровна Иоаниди

Кафедра “Иностранные языки”

Авторская редакция

Считка авторская

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