1. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык; выделите герундиальный оборот и определите его функцию.

1. Confectionery industry having a long history is known to everybody. 2. Scientists consider confectionery industry starting with the discovery of honey. 3. Candy-making methods having developed gradually is an established fact. 4. Candy manufacturers know of confections being divided into three categories. 5. Historians believe people having used honey with chopped fruit and nuts as first sweetmeat. 6. Ancient people having used honey with chopped fruit and nuts is a well-known fact. 7. Confectioners consider sugars being the chief ingredients of candy. 8. We know sugar having been brought to Europe in Middle Ages. 9. The necessity of sugar being incorporated into candy was realized by manufacturers long in the past. 10. After sugar having become popular in Europe confectionery production began increasingly developing. 11. Confectioners consider flavours imparting specific taste to confectionery goods. 12. Fruit flavours can be used only after cooking having been completed. 13. Conching process being very important in chocolate production is proved by the fact of its imparting a fine physical structure to chocolate. 14. Confectioners consider that hard candies should bee packed only after their having been cooled.

2. Назовите нужную форму герундия и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Everybody knows of sugar (having used, having been used) as a medicine in ancient times. 2. We know of fruit and vegetables (being contained, containing) many vitamins. 3. Technologists believe the processes employed in the starch manufacture (varying, being varied) with the raw material. 4. The modern word “sugar”(having been derived, being derived) from the ancient “sarkara” is well known as well as large solids of cane juice (being called, having been called) “khanda”, from which the word “candy” was derived. 5. Any technologist understands the chocolate quality (affected, being affected) by humidity and temperature conditions of storage. 6. Chocolate (being used, using) only as a beverage in the 16^th century is an interesting fact. 7. Steam power engine (having given, giving) rise to the development of confectionery machinery was proved by many facts.

3. Переведите данные сложно-подчиненные предложения на русский язык: сделайте их простыми, заменив придаточные предложения соответствующим герундиальным оборотом.

Образец:

We know that ancient people have used honey with chopped fruit and nuts as sweetmeat. → We know ancient people having used honey with chopped fruit and nuts as sweetmeat. That ancient people have used honey with chopped fruit and nuts as sweetmeat is a well-known fact. → Ancient people having used honey with chopped fruit and nuts as sweetmeat is a well-known fact.

1. That confectionery industry has a long history is certain. 2. That all the processes in confectionery production are done by machines provides a great variety of goods. 3. We know that honey is used as the principal sweetening agent in the past. 4. After this confectionary is reconstructed its capacity and assortment will considerably increase. 5. People consider that cocoa, as a beverage, is an important addition to the diet. 6. The fact that chocolate was first brought to Europe in the 16^th century is well known. 7. During the excursion to a confectionary we learned that about the fact that chocolate is moulded, cooled and wrapped entirely automatically. 8. That the art of making sugar was discovered in India was proved scientifically. 9. Technologists believe that one of the main processes in confectionery production is heating. 10. That different flavouring and colouring materials are widely used in confectionery is to take into consideration by confectioners.