Waste management

Waste management is the process of managing waste materials that are product as a result of human activities. It involves the collection, transport, processing and/or disposal of waste materials Waste management practices are often very different between urban and rural areas and between residential and industrial producers, even in the same local region. There are various waste management concepts. One of them is represented by the term ‘3Rs’ , or ‘Reduce-Reuse-Recycle’ which practically means to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. There is a new practice of holding of the producer of product responsible to some extent for the management of waste products associated with that product, e.g., motor vehicles, large appliances, like ovens and refrigerators, tyres, electronic equipment and mobile phones.

Domestic, industrial and commercial waste is collected and then removed. The removal of waste is called waste disposal. Collection and disposal methods vary widely between different countries and regions. In large countries with a low population, solid waste is carried to landfills. Disposing of waste in a landfill is the most traditional method of waste disposal, and it remains a common practice in most countries. Disposed waste should be compacted and covered to prevent pests, rats and windblown litter. A modern and well-run landfill should include methods to prevent leakage. In smaller countries with a high population density, incineration is the most common method of disposing of waste. It is the process of destroying waste by burning it, which might be harmful for the environment if pollution control measures are not applied. A relatively recent idea in waste management has been to treat the waste material as a resource to be exploited, and some developed countries have developed methods by which resources may be extracted from waste. The most environmentally friendly method of getting rid of waste is to recycle it, which means to reuse the materials that would otherwise be considered waste. The most common items recycled include glass and plastic bottles, paper in any form, aluminum cans and, more recently, obsolete computers, kitchen appliances or other electronic equipment.

Магистрын орос хэлний шалгалтанд өгөх чиглэл

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ

К ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМУ ЭКЗАМЕНУ ПО РУССКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

I. Чтение . Перевод

ЦЕЛЬ:

- Проверка умения полно, точно и глубоко понять основную информацию, содержащуюся в тексте, понять основную идею;

- Умение понять, как основную, так и дополнительную информацию текста;

- Умение перевода.

Предлагаемые тексты:

1. Альфред Нобель

2. Возникновение жизни на Земле

3. Плазма – четвёртое состояние вещества

4. Для чего нужны полимеры

5. Озон

6. Полимерные материалы

7. Хрупкость

8. Рецепты искусственных кристаллов

9. К Марсу на ядерном топливе

10. Как ловят солнечный ветер

11. Нефть в Океане

12. Автомобили в 21-ом веке

13. Нетрадиционная энергетика

14. Почему столько дождей?

15. Одно из решений проблемы водоочистки

16. Органические материалы в современной микроэлектронике

17. Охрана природы

18. Сброс отходов в море

19. Строительство дорог

20. Океан возможностей

21. Население планеты

22. Зелёный крест

23. Природные ресурсы и глобальные проблемы человечества

24. Открытие позитрона

25. Основные виды топлива

26. Температура кипения жидкости

27. Память культуры