- •1 Business Organization
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: economic - economical, economics – economy
- •Grammar: Present Simple vs Present Continuous We use the Present Simple (V / Vs):
- •2 Business Organization and the Economy
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •Grammar: Past Simple vs Past Continuous We use the Past Simple:
- •We use the Past Continuous:
- •3 Ownership
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Present Perfect – Теперішній доконаний час (1)
- •4 Business Relationship
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "company". Find combinations that mean:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •We use the Present Perfect Simple:
- •1 Choose the correct verb form:
- •3 Make sentences about the following people:
- •5 Put for or since into each gap. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6 Ask these people questions about their experiences:
- •7 Open the brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •5 Companies’ Restructuring
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Present Perfect vs Past Simple
- •1 Choose the correct verb form to complete these dialogues. Practise saying the dialogues in pairs:
- •2 Cross out the sentence which has a mistake:
- •3 Open the brackets using Past Simple or Present Perfect:
- •6 Organizational Structure
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur before "manager". Find combinations that mean:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Choose the correct word:
- •Grammar: Present Perfect Continuous – Теперішній перфектно-тривалий час
- •We use the Present Perfect Continuous:
- •7 Employment
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "job". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: to provide - to secure - to ensure
- •Grammar: Past Perfect – Минулий доконаний час (1)
- •8 Human Resources
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: employer - employee
- •1 Make sentences from the chart:
- •2 Put numbers in the brackets to show the order in which each action happened:
- •3 Put the verbs in brackets one in the Past Simple and one in the Past Perfect:
- •4 Open the brackets using Past Perfect or Past Simple:
- •5 Translate into English using the Past Perfect Tense:
- •6 Write down five things you had or hadn’t done by 10 pm yesterday.
- •9 Recruitment Procedure
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Past Tenses (Simple / Continuous / Perfect)
- •1 Complete the sentences with the verb in bold in either the Past Simple or the Past Perfect:
- •2 Past Simple or Past Continuous? Underline the correct tense:
- •3 Put the verb in brackets in either the Past Simple or Past Perfect Simple:
- •4 Complete these sentences. Use past tenses only and add any other words that are necessary:
- •5 Open the brackets using either Past Simple, Past Continuous, or Past Perfect:
- •10 Applying For a Job: Interviewing
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: power – strength
- •Grammar: Past Perfect Continuous – Минулий перфектно-тривалий час
- •11 Applying For a Job: Writing a Resume
- •Grammar: Tense Revision (Present Time)
- •12 Applying For a Job: cv
- •1 Read the sections of a cv (a-h) and match them with the headings (1-8):
- •2 Complete (1-5) with the highlighted words from the cv above:
- •3 Work in pairs. Look at these 'rules' for writing a cv. Which ones do you agree with? Why?
- •International marketing manager
- •Curriculum Vitae vs Resume?
- •13 Executive Pay
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "pay". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: salary - income - pay - wage
- •Grammar: Tenses used to describe Future
- •14 Leaving a Job
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: Майбутній доконаний час – Future Perfect
- •1 Use the future perfect (simple or continuous) to put the beginnings and ends together:
- •2 A romantic novelist writes 300-page books. She writes ten pages a day, and takes no holidays. Use the future perfect to answer the questions:
- •3 Complete the following sentences with a verb in the Future Perfect Simple or Continuous:
- •4 Answer the questions about you. What will you have done…
- •15 The economy
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Future Continuous vs Future Perfect
- •16 What is economics?
- •I. Translate into English:
- •III. Answer the questions:
- •IV. Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Future Simple / Continuous / Perfect
- •1 Put the beginnings and ends together. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •3 Complete the sentences using future continuous or future perfect:
- •4 Read the conversation and choose the correct form of the future. Practise the dialogue in pairs:
- •5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future form:
- •17 Macroeconomics and microeconomics
- •Grammar: Часи групи Perfect Continuous
- •1 Put together the beginnings and ends of the conversations. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •2 Complete the sentences using the present perfect continuous tense of the verbs below:
- •3 Read the story and answer the questions using the past perfect continuous:
- •5 How long will you have been learning English / using your computer (mobile phone) / going to college / saving money for something you’d like to have / living in your present house by next summer?
- •18 The economy of ukraine
- •Grammar: Tense Revision Test (1)
- •19 The economy of the united kingdom
- •Grammar: Tense Revision Test (2)
- •20 Markets and market orientation
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 The words in the box frequently occur after "sector". Find combinations that mean:
- •4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •Grammar: Active Tenses – Revision
- •3 Open the brackets using future simple or future continuous:
- •4 Translate the sentences into English:
- •21 National-income accounting
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •Grammar 1: Типи питальних речень
- •1 Make questions and define their type. Write possible answers. Translate the questions into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar 2: Negative questions – Питально-заперечні речення
- •2 Write informal negative questions to ask somebody:
- •3 Use negative questions to confirm the following ideas. Be careful with the tenses.
- •4 Use negative questions to confirm the following ideas:
- •5 Write possible short answers to the negative questions. Translate the questions into Ukrainian.
- •22 Taxes
- •Grammar: Revision of articles – Вживання артиклів
- •3 Відсутність артикля
- •2 Find one mistake in each sentence:
- •3 Put a / an, the, or nothing (-). Explain your choice:
- •4 Put the correct article where necessary:
- •5 A, an, the or - (nothing)?
- •23 Supply, demand and market prices
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •Grammar: Passive Voice (Simple) – Пасивний стан групи Simple
- •24 Wholesaling
- •Grammar: Passive Voice (Continuous) – Пасивний стан групи Continuous
- •25 Retail trade
- •Grammar: Passive Voice (Perfect) – Пасивний стан групи Perfect
- •26 Labour and capital
- •Grammar: Passive Tenses – Revision (1)
- •27 Inflation
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following:
- •Grammar: Passive Tenses – Revision (2)
- •1 Choose the correct answers. Explain your choice:
- •2 Complete the sentences using the words in the brackets in the Passive Voice and define their tense:
Grammar: Passive Voice (Perfect) – Пасивний стан групи Perfect
has / have; had; will have + been + Past Participle (V3 / Ved) |
Ex.1. Complete the sentences using the correct passive (perfect) form of the verbs in brackets:
1 A lot of new companies …………………… (open) in our city this year. 2 We didn't know that he … ………………… (not invite). 3 The construction of our new office …………………… (finish) before winter comes. 4 He went to London last year and he …………………… (not hear) of ever since. 5 I wondered why her child …………………… (not teach) any foreign language. 6 The instructions just …………………… (give). 7 He didn't follow the advice he …………………… (give). 8 I realized that the letter ………………….…… (lose). 9 The answers to all business letters ……….………………… (write) long before the end of the working day. 10 This historical fact …………………………… (know) for many years. 11 The work ……………………….……… (do) by the time he comes back to the office. 12 I wondered whether the product already ………………………..……… (withdraw) from the market.
Ex.2. Open the brackets, using the Passive Voice:
1. This new product much …………………… (talk) about. 2. Those papers …………………… (not look through) yet. 3. Several contracts …………………… (sign) next week. 4. When I came, the problem … ………………… (not settle) yet. 5. The letter still …………………… (translate). 6. The list of applicants …………………… (make) before I came. 7. Nothing …………………… (hear) of her since she left Kyiv. 8. This product …………………… (produce) in large numbers before we received this complaint about a bad quality. 9. A new cosmetic line …………………… (launch) onto the market by the end of the year. 10. The date of the meeting …………………… (change) before they informed us. 11. Your order …………………… (send) before you return.
Ex.3. Translate into English:
1. Ці ходові споживчі товари виробляються в Україні. 2. Ці послуги надаються безкоштовно. 3. Було обговорено лише два питання, коли ми почули дзвінок. 4. Мені завжди давали корисні поради. 5. Що вам пояснювали, коли я зайшов? 6. Не входьте без запрошення. Зараз обговорюється дуже важливе питання. 7. На жаль нічого не було зроблено для того, щоб допомогти йому закінчити цей проект. 8. Цікаво, де надаються такі послуги? 9. Цей високоприбутковий товар буде завезено із західного регіону. 10. Коли згадали цей факт, усім стало зрозуміло, що малося на увазі. 11. Йому дали ще три тижні, для того, щоб розробити новий продукт. 12. Коли ми приїхали в це місто, ця книга продавалася скрізь. 13. Цей продукт буде вилучено з продажу до кінця місяця.
26 Labour and capital
employer - роботодавець at a negotiated rate - на договірній основі surplus - надлишок accumulate - накопичувати employee - працівник accommodation - приміщення |
bear the risk - ризикувати justified - виправданий, обгрунтований earn profits - заробляти прибуток deliberate policy - обміркована політика plough back - реінвестувати machinery - машинне устаткування |
Labour is any work performed for an employer at a negotiated rate while profit is the surplus, which accumulates as a result of productive work. The employer obtains this surplus after he pays the necessary expense of his business and the wages of his employees. He may be required to share the surplus with others who have provided the capital with which he started his business. Most businesses need capital in order to start productive work, and the capital pays for the accommodation, machinery and other items, which the business needs. There is always an element of risk in providing capital and starting a business. The business may not be successful. The employers and the providers of capital bear the risk. If the business is successful, the risk has been justified and the invested capital earns part of the profits as a return on the investment.
The capital which people provide to help new businesses is an accumulation of previous surpluses on previous business activities. In this way the past is used to finance the future. Such capital is accumulated by a deliberate policy of saving surpluses. This policy may be personal and individual, or it may be public and collective. As such, it is common to both the capitalistic and communistic systems. In both systems, a certain part of the profits is ploughed back into the system in order to create capital.
Capital can be defined as a factor of production (for example, machinery or cash) or the assets possessed by a person, a company or a nation. Land, houses and shares in a business are capital. In terms of the state, all railways, docks, roads, airports and state funds of money are part of the nation's capital.
1 What is profit? 2 At what point does an employer obtain surplus? 3 Who may he be required to share it with? 4 What do most businesses need? 5 Why is there always some risk in providing capital? 6 Who bears the risk? 7 What justifies the risk? 8 How is the past used to finance the future? 9 What is ploughed back into the system and why? 10 Give examples of private and public capital.
Complete the sentences:
1) Labour is ....
2) Profit is ....
3) Most businesses need capital in order to....
4) The employers and the providers of capital bear... .
5) The capital which people provide to help new businesses is ... .
6) A deliberate policy of saving surpluses may be....
7) Capital can be defined as....